List of Figures

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Chapter 1: Basics of Communication Systems

Figure 1.1: Basic telecommunication system.

Figure 1.2: PC-to-PC communication.

Figure 1.3: PC-to-PC communication over telephone network.

Figure 1.4: Generic communication system.

Figure C.1: Screenshot that displays the input text and equivalent ASCII code.

Figure C.2: Waveform of the noise signal.

Figure C.3: Screenshot that displays the original bit stream and the bit stream with errors.

Chapter 2: Information Theory

Figure 2.1: Generic communication system

Figure 2.2: Generic communication system as proposed by Shannon.

Chapter 3: Transmission Media

Figure 3.1: Coaxial cable used in Ethernet LAN.

Figure 3.2: Optical fiber.

Figure 3.3: Two-way communication using radio.

Figure 3.4: Three geostationary satellites covering the entire earth.

Figure 3.5: Satellite communication network configurations.

Chapter 4: Coding of Text, Voice, Image, and Video Signals

Figure 4.1: Speech waveform.

Figure 4.2: Pulse Code Modulation.

Figure 4.3: (a) ADPCM Encoder.

Figure 4.3: (b) ADPCM Decoder.

Figure 4.4: Electrical model of speech production.

Figure 4.5: JPEG compression.

Figure 4.6: Video coding through frames and pixels.

Chapter 5: Error Detection and Correction

Figure 5.1: Errors introduced by transmission medium.

Figure 5.2: Block coder.

Figure 5.3: Convolutional coder.

Figure C.4: Screenshot to set the serial communication parameters.

Chapter 7: Multiplexing

Figure 7.1: Multiplexing and demultiplexing.

Figure 7.2: Frequency division multiplexing.

Figure 7.3: FDM of voice channels.

Figure 7.4: Time division multiplexing.

Figure 7.5: Time division multiplexing of voice channels.

Figure 7.6: Wave division multiplexing.

Chapter 8: Multiple Access

Figure 8.1: Frequency division multiple access.

Figure 8.2: Space division multiple access.

Figure 8.3: Time division multiple access.

Figure 8.4: TDMA-FDD.

Figure 8.5: TDMA-TDD.

Figure 8.6: TDMA-TDD in DECT.

Figure 8.7: FDMA/TDMA

Figure 8.8: Frequency hopping.

Figure 8.9: DS-CDMA.

Figure 8.10: CSMA/CD.

Chapter 9: Carrier Modulation

Figure 9.1: Modulation and demodulation.

Figure 9.2: (a) Modulating signal.

Figure 9.2: (b) Amplitude modulated signal.

Figure 9.2: (c) Frequency modulated signal.

Figure 9.2: (d) Phase modulated signal.

Figure 9.3: (a) Modulating signal.

Figure 9.3: (b) ASK.

Figure 9.3: (c) FSK.

Figure 9.3: (d) BPSK.

Figure C.5: ASK waveform.

Figure C.6: FSK waveform.

Figure C.7: 1kHz sine wave.

Chapter 10: Issues in Communication System Design

Figure 10.1: Performance curves for Digital Modulation Systems.

Chapter 11: Public Switched Telephone Network

Figure 11.1: Elements of PSTN.

Figure 11.2: DTMF digits.

Figure 11.3: Hierarchical switching system of PSTN.

Figure 11.4: Digital loop carrier (DLC) in PSTN.

Figure 11.5: Circuit switching.

Figure 11.6: Channel associated signaling.

Figure 11.7: Carrier Frame Format.

Figure 11.8: Trunks with Higher Capacities.

Chapter 12: Terrestrial Radio Communication Systems

Figure 12.1: Simplified block diagram of a radio communication system.

Figure 12.2: Wireless local loop configuration 1.

Figure 12.3: Wireless local loops configuration 2.

Figure 12.4: Shared radio system as wireless local loop.

Figure 12.5: Digital wireless local loop using TDM/TDMA.

Figure 12.6: TDM/TDMA frame formats.

Figure 12.7: DECT at home.

Figure 12.8: Telepoint for public access.

Figure 12.9: DECT micro-cellular system.

Figure 12.10: DECT TDMA-TDD frame structure.

Figure 12.11: TETRA.

Chapter 13: Satellite Communication Systems

Figure 13.1: Architecture of a satellite communication system.

Figure 13.2: DAMA-SCPC mesh architecture.

Figure 13.3: DAMA-SCPC control and request channels.

Figure 13.4: TDM-SCPC mesh architecture.

Figure 13.5: TDM-SCPC frame.

Figure 13.6: TDMA mesh architecture.

Figure 13.7: TDMA frame format.

Figure 13.8: (a) Hub configuration for video conferencing and (b) remote configuration.

Chapter 14: Optical Fiber Communication Systems

Figure 14.1: Multimode optical fiber communication system.

Figure 14.2: Single-mode optical fiber communication system.

Figure 14.3: Wave Division Multiplexing.

Figure 14.4: Optical communication with optical amplifier.

Figure 14.5: SONET/SDH network.

Figure 14.6: WDM network.

Figure 14.7: Fiber to home/office.

Chapter 15: Issues in Computer Networking

Figure 15.1: A computer network.

Figure 15.2: A packet switching network.

Figure 15.3: Virtual circuit (connection-oriented) service.

Figure 15.4: Datagram service.

Figure 15.5: Specification of the protocol layer.

Figure 15.6: Layer's services and protocols.

Figure C.8: IP address of a computer.

Figure C.9: Selection of the network interface card.

Chapter 16: ISO/OSI Protocol Architecture

Figure 16.1: ISO/OSI Protocol Suite.

Figure 16.2: Peer-to-peer communication in layered approach.

Figure 16.3: HDLC frame format: (a) information frame format, (b) 8-bit control field format

Chapter 17: Local Area Networks

Figure 17.1: Ethernet LAN.

Figure 17.2: Coaxial cable used in an Ethernet LAN.

Figure 17.3: LAN protocol layers.

Figure 17.4: Ethernet frame format.

Figure 17.5: LAN topologies.

Figure 17.6: Frame for IEEE 802.3 standard.

Figure 17.7: LAN bridge.

Figure 17.8: WLAN configurations.

Figure 17.9: IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN.

Figure 17.10: Medium access in 802.11 LAN.

Figure 17.11: Broadband wireless access through wireless LAN.

Figure 17.12: Mobile IP.

Figure C.10: Local area network connection status.

Chapter 18: Wide Area Networks and X.25 Protocols

Figure 18.1: X.25 packet switched network.

Figure 18.2: Protocol encapsulation in X.25.

Figure 18.3: X.25 Packet Formats.

Figure 18.4: Satellite-based X.25 wide area network.

Figure 18.5: X.121 Address Formats.

Chapter 19: Internetworking

Figure 19.1: Internetworking with a router.

Figure 19.2: An internet.

Figure 19.3: Internetworking LANs through a WAN.

Chapter 20: TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Figure 20.1: TCP/IP protocol suite.

Figure 20.2: Protocol encapsulation in TCP/IP.

Figure 20.3: TCP/IP protocol stack.

Figure 20.4: TCP/IP operation in an internet.

Figure 20.5: Stop-and-wait protocol.

Figure 20.6: Sliding window protocol.

Figure 20.7: Architecture of Interplanetary Internet.

Chapter 21: Internet Protocol (IP)

Figure 21.1: IP address formats.

Figure 21.2: IPv4 datagram format.

Figure 21.3: IPv6 packet general format.

Figure 21.4: IPv6 packet header.

Figure 21.5: IPv6 packet with all extension headers.

Figure 21.6: IPv6 routing header formats.

Figure 21.7: Exterior gateway protocol.

Figure 21.8: Border gateway protocol.

Chapter 22: Transport Layer Protocols—TCP and UDP

Figure 22.1: Multiple TCP connections.

Figure 22.2: TCP segment format.

Figure 22.3: UDP datagram format.

Figure 22.4: File transfer from hub to receive-only VSATs using UDP.

Chapter 23: Distributed Applications

Figure 23.1: SMTP.

Figure 23.2: Web access.

Figure 23.3: Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP).

Figure 23.4: Network management using SNMP.

Chapter 24: The Wired Internet

Figure 24.1: Internet architecture.

Figure 24.2: Accessing the Internet through ISP.

Figure 24.3: URL translation to IP address.

Figure 24.4: Virtual private network.

Figure 24.5: Tunneling.

Chapter 25: Network Computing

Figure 25.1: PC reference model.

Figure 25.2: Language-independent software development.

Figure 25.3: Platform-independent software development.

Figure 25.4: Executing a Java applet.

Figure 25.5: Software component.

Figure 25.6: NC reference model.

Figure 25.7: Using Jini on a general purpose computer.

Figure 25.8: Jini architecture.

Chapter 26: Signaling System No. 7

Figure 26.1: A smple SS7 network.

Figure 26.2: Call setup using SS7.

Figure 26.3: Querying a database using SS7.

Figure 26.4: SS7 Protocol layers.

Figure 26.5: Signaling unit formats.

Chapter 27: Integrated Services Digital Network

Figure 27.1: Narrowband ISDN configurations.

Figure 27.2: ISDN architecture.

Figure 27.3: ISDN pipe: (a) BRI (b) PRI.

Figure 27.4: ISDN protocol architecture.

Figure 27.5: LAPD frame format.

Chapter 28: Frame Relay

Figure 28.1: Frame Relay network.

Figure 28.2: LAPF frame format.

Figure 28.3: Frame Relay header.

Figure 28.4: Congestion control through FECN and BECN.

Figure 28.5: Comparison of X.25 and Frame Relay protocol standards.

Figure 28.6: Voice/data services over Frame Relay.

Figure 28.7: Integration of Frame Relay and ISDN.

Chapter 29: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Figure 29.1: An ATM network.

Figure 29.2: ATM virtual channels and virtual path.

Figure 29.3: ATM call establishment procedure.

Figure 29.4: ATM protocol architecture (ITU-T standard).

Figure 29.5: ATM cell: user–network interface.

Figure 29.6: ATM cell: network–network interface.

Figure 29.7: ATM header error control asgorithm.

Chapter 30: Radio Paging

Figure 30.1: Paging system.

Figure 30.2: Simulcast paging.

Chapter 31: Cellular Mobile Communication Systems

Figure 31.1: Multicell system with service area divided into cells (seven-cell cluster).

Figure 31.2: GSM architecture.

Figure 31.3: Frequency allocation for GSM.

Figure 31.4: TDMA frame format in GSM.

Figure 31.5: GSM PLMN serving two cities.

Chapter 32: Global Positioning System

Figure 32.1: Global Positioning System.

Figure 32.2: GPS receiver.

Figure 32.3: Differential GPS system.

Figure C.11: Digitized map.

Figure C.12: Screenshot showing the output of the program to calculate distance.

Chapter 33: Wireless Internet

Figure 33.1: Evolution to 3G.

Figure 33.2: WAP architecture.

Figure 33.3: WAP programming model.

Figure 33.4: Internet and WAP protocol stacks.

Figure 33.5: WAP gateway.

Figure 33.6: WAP 2.0 Protocol Architecture.

Figure 33.7: GSM circuit-switched data service.

Figure 33.8: GPRS architecture.

Figure 33.9: UMTS.

Figure 33.10: NTT DoCoMo's FOMA.

Figure C.13: Registration form for mobile push application.

Figure C.14: M-commerce application on a mobile phone.

Chapter 34: Multimedia Communication over IP Networks

Figure 34.1: Multimedia communication over IP network.

Figure 34.2: H.323 network.

Figure 34.3: H.323 terminal-side protocol stack.

Figure 34.4: Direct call model of H.323.

Figure 34.5: Gatekeeper-routed call model of H.323.

Figure 34.6: Protocol suite for voice and video over IP.

Figure 34.7: RTP data packet header format.

Figure 34.8: Interconnecting Internet and PSTN through gateway.

Figure 34.9: Fax interface unit.

Figure 34.10: Architecture for Voice, Video and Integrated Data (AVVID).

Figure 34.11: Architecture of JMF.

Figure C.15: NetMeeting.

Figure C.16: NetMeeting incoming call indication.

Figure C.17: NetMeeting video.

Figure C.18: Chat using NetMeeting.

Chapter 35: Computer Telephony Integration and Unified Messaging

Figure 35.1: Text-to-speech conversion.

Figure 35.2: Components of language.

Figure 35.3: Interactive voice response system.

Figure 35.4: Iceberg model of speech.

Figure 35.5: Speech recognition methodology.

Figure 35.6: Time normalization of test pattern and reference pattern: the warping function.

Figure 35.7: Call center architecture.

Figure 35.8: Unified messaging: a futuristic scenario.

Figure 35.9: Operation of voice-enabled Web.

Chapter 36: Wireless Personal/Home Area Networks

Figure 36.1: Wireless personal area network.

Figure 36.2: Bluetooth piconet (a) Point-to-Print Communication Between Master and Slave (b) Pont-to-Multipoint Communication Between Master and Multiple Slaves (c) Scatternet.

Figure 36.3: State transition diagram.

Figure 36.4: Bluetooth packet format.

Figure 36.5: Bluetooth protocol architecture.

Figure 36.6: HomeRF protocol layers.

Figure 36.7: HomeRF network.

Chapter 37: Telecommunications Management Network

Figure 37.1: A telecommunications management network.

Figure 37.2: Public networks with TMN.

Figure 37.3: TMN manager architecture.

Figure 37.4: TMN building blocks.

Figure 37.5: TMN Q-interface.

Figure 37.6: TMN Q-adapter.

Figure 37.7: Q-agent architecture.

Figure 37.8: Typical TMN architecture.

Chapter 38: Information Security

Figure 38.1: Information leaks.

Figure 38.2: Surveillance of Voice/Fax Communication by Security Agencies.

Figure 38.3: Surveillance of voice/fax communication by individual organizations.

Figure 38.4: Surveillance of data applications.

Figure 38.5: The SMS bomb.

Figure 38.6: Encryption using secret key.

Figure 38.7: Data Encryption Standard.

Figure 38.8: Public key encryption.

Figure 38.9: Secret message embedded in an image.

Figure 38.10: Process of steganography.

Figure 38.11: Layered architecture for secure multimedia communication.

Figure 38.12: Multimedia security products.

Figure 38.13: An example of biometrics and steganography.

Figure C.19: RSA algorithm output screen.

Chapter 39: Futuristic Technologies and Applications

Figure 39.1: Architecture of telecommunications networks.

Figure 39.2: Convergence of Networks.

Figure 39.3: Home studio.

Appendix C: Solutions to Selected Exercises

Figure C.1: Screenshot that displays the input text and equivalent ASCII code.

Figure C.2: Waveform of the noise signal.

Figure C.3: Screenshot that displays the original bit stream and the bit stream with errors.

Figure C.4: Screenshot to set the serial communication parameters.

Figure C.5: ASK waveform.

Figure C.6: FSK waveform.

Figure C.7: 1kHz sine wave.

Figure C.8: IP address of a computer.

Figure C.9: Selection of the network interface card.

Figure C.10: Local area network connection status.

Figure C.11: Digitized map.

Figure C.12: Screenshot showing the output of the program to calculate distance.

Figure C.13: Registration form for mobile push application.

Figure C.14: M-commerce application on a mobile phone.

Figure C.15: NetMeeting.

Figure C.16: NetMeeting incoming call indication.

Figure C.17: NetMeeting video.

Figure C.18: Chat using NetMeeting.

Figure C.19: RSA algorithm output screen.

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