Section 16.6. Socket Options

16.6. Socket Options

The socket mechanism provides two socket-option interfaces for us to control the behavior of sockets. One interface is used to set an option, and another interface allows us to query the state of an option. We can get and set three kinds of options:

1. Generic options that work with all socket types

2. Options that are managed at the socket level, but depend on the underlying protocols for support

3. Protocol-specific options unique to each individual protocol

The Single UNIX Specification defines only the socket-layer options (the first two option types in the preceding list).

We can set a socket option with the setsockopt function.

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 #include <sys/socket.h> int setsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int option,  const void *val,                socklen_t len); 

Returns: 0 if OK, 1 on error

The level argument identifies the protocol to which the option applies. If the option is a generic socket-level option, then level is set to SOL_SOCKET. Otherwise, level is set to the number of the protocol that controls the option. Examples are IPPROTO_TCP for TCP options and IPPROTO_IP for IP options. Figure 16.19 summarizes the generic socket-level options defined by the Single UNIX Specification.

Figure 16.19. Socket options

Option	Type of val argument	Description
SO_ACCEPTCONN	int	Return whether a socket is enabled for listening (getsockopt only).
SO_BROADCAST	int	Broadcast datagrams if *val is nonzero.
SO_DEBUG	int	Debugging in network drivers enabled if *val is nonzero.
SO_DONTROUTE	int	Bypass normal routing if *val is nonzero.
SO_ERROR	int	Return and clear pending socket error (getsockopt only).
SO_KEEPALIVE	int	Periodic keep-alive messages enabled if *val is nonzero.
SO_LINGER	struct linger	Delay time when unsent messages exist and socket is closed.
SO_OOBINLINE	int	Out-of-band data placed inline with normal data if *val is nonzero.
SO_RCVBUF	int	The size in bytes of the receive buffer.
SO_RCVLOWAT	int	The minimum amount of data in bytes to return on a receive call.
SO_RCVTIMEO	struct timeval	The timeout value for a socket receive call.
SO_REUSEADDR	int	Reuse addresses in bind if *val is nonzero.
SO_SNDBUF	int	The size in bytes of the send buffer.
SO_SNDLOWAT	int	The minimum amount of data in bytes to transmit in a send call.
SO_SNDTIMEO	struct timeval	The timeout value for a socket send call.
SO_TYPE	int	Identify the socket type (getsockopt only).

The val argument points to a data structure or an integer, depending on the option. Some options are on/off switches. If the integer is nonzero, then the option is enabled. If the integer is zero, then the option is disabled. The len argument specifies the size of the object to which val points.

We can find out the current value of an option with the getsockopt function.

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 #include <sys/socket.h> int getsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int option,  void *restrict val,                socklen_t *restrict lenp); 

Returns: 0 if OK, 1 on error

Note that the lenp argument is a pointer to an integer. Before calling getsockopt, we set the integer to the size of the buffer where the option is to be copied. If the actual size of the option is greater than this size, the option is silently truncated. If the actual size of the option is less than or equal to this size, then the integer is updated with the actual size on return.

Example

The function in Figure 16.10 fails to operate properly when the server terminates and we try to restart it immediately. Normally, the implementation of TCP will prevent us from binding the same address until a timeout expires, which is usually on the order of several minutes. Luckily, the SO_REUSEADDR socket option allows us to bypass this restriction, as illustrated in Figure 16.20.

To enable the SO_REUSEADDR option, we set an integer to a nonzero value and pass the address of the integer as the val argument to setsockopt. We set the len argument to the size of an integer to indicate the size of the object to which val points.

Figure 16.20. Initialize a socket endpoint for use by a server with address reuse

 #include "apue.h" #include <errno.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int initserver(int type, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t alen,   int qlen) {     int fd, err;     int reuse = 1;     if ((fd = socket(addr->sa_family, type, 0)) < 0)         return(-1);     if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &reuse,       sizeof(int)) < 0) {         err = errno;         goto errout;     }     if (bind(fd, addr, alen) < 0) {         err = errno;         goto errout;     }     if (type == SOCK_STREAM || type == SOCK_SEQPACKET) {         if (listen(fd, qlen) < 0) {             err = errno;             goto errout;         }     }     return(fd); errout:     close(fd);     errno = err;     return(-1); }