- Sapienza, battle of
- 538.
- Sappho of Lesbos, Greek poet
- 176, 176.
- Saqiat Sidi Yusuf, Tunisia
- 3942.
- Saqqara
- 91.
- Saracens
- 417, 436, 453, 458, 465, 465, 466, 468, 472, 498, 498, 498.
- Sarafov, Boris, Bulgarian leader
- 1321.
- Saragat, Giuseppe, Italian leader
- 2925, 2930.
- Saragossa
- 419, 419, 475, 476, 479, 1929.
- Sarai
- 489.
- Saraiva Cotegipe Law, Brazil
- 1677.
- Sarajevo
- 980, 1140, 1244, 1295, 1335, 3178, 3183, 3184, 3185, 3185, 3186, 3186, 3187, 3188.
- Sarapis
- 208.
- Sarasorda, mathematician
- 479.
- Sarat Mountains
- 125, 128.
- Saravia, Aparicio, Latin American leader
- 1667, 1667.
- Sarawak
- 1412, 1413, 2636, 2763, 3958, 4106, 4106, 4106, 4107, 4107.
- Sarbadars
- 306.
- Sarbaros
- See Shahrbaraz, usurper of the Persian throne.
- Sardinia
- 93, 93, 110, 221, 230, 231, 234, 242, 293, 412, 468, 470, 526, 533, 659, 659, 660, 660, 715, 723, 738, 738, 740, 746, 780, 957, 1005, 1032, 1066, 1211, 1312, 1961; and Tunisia, 1387.
- Sardis
- 114, 114, 115, 177, 187.
- Sarduri I, king of Urartu
- 118.
- Sarduri II, king of Urartu
- 118.
- Sardus
- 114.
- Sarekat Islam
- 1414.
- Sarekat Islam Party, SI
- 2456, 2456.
- Sargon I, the Great
- 66, 84, 103.
- Sargon II, king of Assyria
- 87, 105, 114, 118, 122, 128.
- Sargon of Akkad
- 84, 85, 102, 122.
- Sarich, Vincent, biochemist
- 19.
- Sarikamish, battle of
- 1749.
- Sari Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman official and writer
- 805.
- Sarit Thanarat
- 4067, 4067, 4067, 4071.
- Sarkhej
- 334.
- Sarkis, Ilyas, Lebanese leader
- 3847.
- Sarkissian, Aram, Armenian leader
- 3310.
- Sarkissian, Vazgen, Armenian leader
- 3310.
- Sarmatians
- 254, 257, 264.
- Sarmiento, Domingo F., writer
- 1657, 1660.
- Sarney, José, Brazilian leader
- 3620, 3622, 3622.
- Saronic Gulf
- 189.
- Saros, freed slaves
- 1514, 1514, 1514, 1515.
- Sarrail, Maurice, French leader
- 1744, 1758, 1806, 2373, 2373.
- Sarraut, Albert, French leader
- 1912.
- Sarraute, Natalie, writer
- 2702.
- Sarto, Andrea del, Italian artist
- 597, 607.
- Sartre, Jean-Paul, philosopher
- 1815, 2701, 2839.
- Sartzetakis, Christo, Greek leader
- 3226.
- Saruhan Bey, Turkoman leader
- 306, 310.
- Sarvastivadin, Indian sect
- 130, 331.
- Sasbach
- 652.
- Saseno, island of
- 1746, 1746, 1943, 2136.
- Saskatchewan
- 1639, 2226.
- Saskatchewan River
- 1623.
- Sassanian Empire
- 70, 80, 129, 130, 256, 257, 271, 271, 271, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 275, 275, 276, 279, 285, 286, 287, 287, 287, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 295, 300, 301, 324.
- Sassou-Nguesso, Denis, Congolese leader
- 4446, 4446, 4447, 4447, 4447, 4447, 4447, 4448.
- Sassun
- 965.
- Sastroamidjojo, Ali, Indonesian leader
- 4124, 4125.
- Sasun
- 1346.
- Satakani dynasty
- 132, 132, 132, 133, 133.
- Satavahana dynasty
- 132.
- Sati‘ al-Husri, educator
- 2400.
- Satiru
- 1520.
- Sat Eisaku, Japanese leader
- 4235, 4236, 4237, 4238.
- Satsuma
- 1441, 1442, 1442, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1450, 1452; rebellion, 1452.
- Sattar, Abdus, Bangladeshi leader
- 4023.
- Sattasai
- 132.
- Saturn
- 640.
- Saturnalia
- 260.
- Saturninus, Lucius Antonius, Roman legate
- 252, 252.
- Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius, Roman tribune
- 236.
- Satyricon
- 246.
- Sa`ud, king of Saudi Arabia
- 3889, 3889, 3889.
- Sa’ud, successor to king of Saudi Arabia
- 2413.
- Saudi Arabia
- 295, 580, 820, 1362, 2398, 2414, 2414, 2415, 2416, 2640, 2643, 2677, 3769, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3772, 3774, 3774, 3776, 3782, 3888, 3889, 3889, 3889, 3889, 3889, 3890, 3890, 3891, 3898, 4006, 4418; borders completed, 2412; official establishment, 2413; Saudi dominance, 3889, 3889; military expansion, 3889; consultative council, 3889.
- Sa’ud ibn Abd al-Aziz, Saudi emir
- 1358.
- Sa’ud ibn Faysal, Saudi emir
- 1361.
- Saudi-British Treaty
- 2412.
- Saudis
- 791, 791, 820, 820, 1358, 1358, 1359, 1359, 1359, 1359, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1361, 1361, 1361, 1362, 1362, 1362, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1364, 1365, 1366, 2408, 2410, 2410, 2411, 2412, 2413, 2413.
- Sauk Indians
- 1575.
- Saul, king of Israel
- 104, 104, 104, 106.
- Saul, David, Bermudian leader
- 3766.
- Sault Ste. Marie
- 921.
- Saundarananda, Conversion of Nanda
- 130.
- Saussure, Nicholas de, scientist
- 1041.
- Saustatar, king of Mitanni
- 86.
- Sautrantika
- 131.
- Sava
- 560.
- Sava, St., bishop of Serbia
- 494, 494, 494, 495.
- Savage, John, conspirator against Elizabeth I
- 588.
- Savage, Michael Joseph, New Zealand leader
- 2551, 2553.
- Savaii Island
- 1478.
- SAVAK
- 3817, 3820.
- Savang Vathana, king of Laos
- 4094, 4094, 4096, 4097.
- Savannah, transatlantic steamship
- 950, 961, 989.
- Savannah, battle of
- 1589.
- Savannah River
- 938.
- Savary, Alain, French leader
- 2873.
- Save River
- 562.
- Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, Prussian leader
- 1035.
- Savimbi, Jonas, Angolan leader
- 4435, 4436, 4439, 4440, 4441, 4442, 4443, 4444, 4445.
- Savona
- 1026.
- Savonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer
- 532, 536, 536.
- Savov, Michael, Bulgarian leader
- 1138, 1309.
- Savoy, independent Italian state
- 546, 600, 612, 615, 625, 626, 626, 626, 653, 656, 656, 657, 659, 659, 715, 738, 738, 738, 739, 740, 745, 1032, 1069, 1181, 1211, 1212, 1964.
- Savoy, duke of
- 654, 656, 671.
- Saw Maung, Burmese leader
- 4061.
- Sawyer, Amos, Liberian leader
- 4357.
- Saxa Rubra, Milvian Bridge
- 262.
- Saxe
- 660.
- Saxe, count of, Hermann Maurice, French marshal
- 660.
- Saxo Grammaticus, historian
- 464.
- Saxon (or Ottonian) House
- 415.
- Saxons
- 407, 407, 408, 415, 416, 421, 421, 422, 424, 444, 492, 493.
- Saxony
- 410, 412, 415, 415, 415, 415, 416, 454, 454, 454, 454, 455, 456, 456, 456, 456, 459, 523, 541, 541, 614, 615, 615, 617, 618, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 620, 622, 643, 653, 659, 660, 660, 660, 660, 661, 662, 662, 662, 663, 666, 753, 757, 759, 759, 769, 780, 1008, 1032, 1032, 1071, 1096, 1102, 1234, 1978.
- Say, Jean-Baptiste, economist
- 1035, 1060.
- Saye and Sele, 1st viscount, William Fiennes, English colonizer
- 928.
- Sayem, Abu Sadat Hohammad
- 4019, 4020.
- Sayf al-Dawla, Hamdanid leader
- 297, 317, 317.
- Sayfi of Bukhara, Iranian poet
- 812.
- Sayri Túpac, Inca ruler
- 899, 899.
- Sayyid Ahmad al-Sharif, Libyan leader
- 1393.
- Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Muslim reformer
- 1397, 1398.
- Sayyid Ahmad Shahid, Muslim leader
- 1395, 1395.
- Sayyid Ali Muhammad, the Bab
- 1350.
- Sayyid Amir Ali, Muslim reformer
- 1397.
- Sayyid Darwish, composer
- 2355.
- Sayyid dynasty
- 334.
- Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali, ruler of Asir
- 2412.
- Sayyid Muhammad Tabataba'i, Iranian reformer
- 1352.
- Sayyid Sa’id ibn Sultan, ruler of Oman
- 1528, 1528, 1528, 1528, 1528, 1529, 1529.
- Sazman-i Mujahidin-i al-Khalq, Iran
- 3817, 3822, 3825.
- Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, Roman consul
- 229.
- Scalfaro, Oscar Luigi, Italian leader
- 2925, 2949, 2949, 2951.
- Scandinavia
- 18, 29, 29, 31, 278, 281, 402, 402, 410, 412, 413, 424, 425, 426, 426, 426, 456, 456, 461, 488, 498, 498, 548, 548, 548, 551, 554, 584, 627, 627, 761, 761, 761, 992, 1075, 1075, 1075, 1075, 1077, 1143, 1247, 1247, 1247, 1248, 1891, 1896, 1992, 2036, 2036, 2036, 2036, 2036, 2036, 2038, 2043, 2043, 2048, 2049, 2052, 2056, 2060, 2642, 3041, 3041, 3041, 3278; society, 426; and England, 444; unification of, 551, 554; Great Depression, 1814, 2036.
- Scandinavianism, nationalistic movement
- 1075, 1077.
- Scania
- 461.
- Scapa Flow, Cromarty, British Grand Fleet base
- 1741, 1741, 1784, 1795, 1973.
- Scarborough, bombardment of
- 1795.
- Scarlatti, Alessandro, Italian composer
- 735.
- Scelba, Mario, Italian leader
- 2932.
- Scerdilaidas, king of Illyria
- 231.
- Schacht, Hjalmar, German financier
- 1978, 1991, 1992.
- Schaeffer, Claude, archaeologist
- 2376.
- Schaerer, Alberto, Latin American leader
- 1666.
- Schaerer, Edward, Paraguayan leader
- 2248.
- Schaerf, Adolf, Austrian leader
- 3032, 3034, 3035.
- Schaffhausen
- 547, 625.
- Schall von Bell, Adam, Jesuit in China
- 851, 854.
- Scharnhorst, Gerhard von, Prussian general
- 1026.
- Schauenberg
- 750.
- Schauman, Finnish prelate
- 1254.
- Schauman, Eugen, assassin
- 1255.
- Scheer, Reinhardt, German admiral
- 1762, 1781, 1809.
- Scheffler, Johannes
- See Angelus Silesius (Johannes Scheffler), German poet.
- Scheidemann, Philipp, German leader
- 1782, 1971, 1973.
- Scheldt River
- 407, 411, 411, 412, 520, 705, 759, 1882, 1886.
- Schenck v. United States, U.S. Supreme Court decision
- 2188.
- Schenectady
- 1619.
- Schengen
- 2748.
- Schermerhorn, Willem, Dutch leader
- 2826.
- Schiaparelli, Giovanni, astronomer
- 1148.
- Schick, J., inventor of electric razor
- 986.
- Schill, Ferdinand Baptista von, Prussian officer
- 1026.
- Schism Act, England
- 683, 685.
- Schlafly, Phyllis, activist
- 3427.
- Schlegel, A. W., writer
- 1037.
- Schlegel, Friedrich, writer
- 1037.
- Schleicher, Kurt von, German leader
- 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988.
- Schleiden, Matthias, scientist
- 1043.
- Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel, German theologian
- 645, 1036.
- Schlei River
- 416.
- Schleswig
- 416, 461, 551, 554, 554, 619, 622, 1077, 1078, 1096, 1097, 1100, 1100, 1100, 1100, 1230, 1233, 1251, 1784, 1817, 1974, 2039, 2041. See Schleswig-Holstein.
- Schleswig-Holstein
- 1075, 1077, 1077, 1100, 1233, 1251, 1251.
- Schlieffen, Alfred von, Prussian commander
- 1237, 1738.
- Schlieffen Plan, for two-front war
- 1237.
- Schlüter, Poul, Danish leader
- 3050, 3051.
- Schmahl, Jeanne-E., French reformer
- 1198.
- Schmalkaldic League
- 615.
- Schmalkaldic War
- 615.
- Schmidt, George, missionary
- 890.
- Schmidt, Helmut, German leader
- 2982, 3008, 3008.
- Schneider Chereau, René, Chilean leader
- 3511.
- Schneider-Creusot, French arms factory
- 1913.
- Schneiderman, Rose, U.S. labor leader
- 1613.
- Schnitzer, Eduard
- See Emin Pasha, Mehmet, explorer.
- Schober, Johann, Austrian leader
- 2000, 2003, 2004.
- Schoeffer, Peter, printer
- 542, 643.
- Schoenberg, Isaac, inventor
- 1850.
- Scholarius, George, theologian
- 569.
- scholasticism
- 283, 580.
- Schönberg, Arnold, composer
- 1146, 1816.
- Schönbrunn, treaty of
- 1026, 1267.
- Schönbrunn Convention
- 1104.
- School Law, Denmark
- 771.
- School of Isfahan, center of Shi’ite scholarship
- 815.
- School of Languages, Egypt
- 1367.
- School of Mathematics and Navigation, Russia
- 785.
- Schopenhauer, Arthur, philosopher
- 1036.
- Schouten group
- 2630.
- Schrödinger, Erwin, Austrian physicist
- 1729.
- Schroeder, Gerhard, German leader
- 2982, 2998, 3025, 3026.
- Schubert, Franz, composer
- 1037.
- Schuessel, Wolfgang
- 3039.
- Schumacher, Kurt, German leader
- 2988.
- Schuman, Robert, French leader
- 2700, 2709, 2719, 2842, 2842.
- Schumann, Robert, composer
- 1037.
- Schuman Plan
- 2709, 2710, 2711, 2988, 2990; Treaty, 2845, 2845.
- Schuschnigg, Kurt von, Austrian leader
- 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009, 2010, 2010, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2011.
- Schuster, Rudolf
- 3139, 3140.
- Schütz, Heinrich, German composer
- 624.
- Schutzbund, Austria
- 2003.
- Schwann, Theodor, scientist
- 1043.
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- 1072.
- Schwarzenberg, Felix von
- 1090, 1230.
- Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp
- 1030.
- Schwarzer, Austrian official
- 1090.
- Schwarzert, Philipp
- See Melanchthon, Philipp (Philipp Schwarzert), religious leader.
- Schwarzkopf, Norman, U.S. commander
- 3783.
- Schweidnitz
- 665.
- Schweinfurt
- 2621.
- Schweinfurth, Georg, explorer
- 1509.
- Schweitzer, Albert
- 1545.
- Schwerner, Michael, activist
- 3409.
- Schwiebus
- 754.
- Schwyz
- 540, 546, 546, 546, 546, 625, 748, 749, 1070.
- science and technology
- 282, 1506, 1700, 1729, 1729, 1730, 1730, 1732, 1732, 1733, 1733, 1733, 1734, 1734, 2641, 2732, 2743, 2744, 3086; used for archaeological information, 9; postclassical Europe, 400; in Western Europe, 443, 443; in England, 444, 513; in Middle Ages, 469; in France, 524; 1500–1800, 580, 584, 584; 17th century, 584, 711; 1450–1700, 637, 637, 637, 637, 637, 637, 637, 637, 637, 637, 637, 637, 638, 638, 638, 638, 638, 638, 638, 638, 638, 638, 638, 639, 639, 639, 639, 639, 639, 639, 639, 639, 639, 639, 639, 640, 640, 640, 640, 640, 640, 640, 640, 640, 640, 640, 640, 641, 641, 641, 641, 641, 641, 641, 641, 641, 641, 641, 641, 642, 642, 642, 642, 643, 643, 643, 643, 643; 17th and 18th centuries, 645, 646, 647, 647, 647; in Italy in 18th century, 735; in Scandinavia in 17th and 18th centuries, 761; in Ottoman Empire, 797; in Iran in 16th century, 812; in Iran in 16th and 17th centuries, 815; in Southeast Asia 1500–1800, 837; in China 1500–1800, 851, 851, 854; in Korea 1500–1800, 855, 856; in Japan 1500–1800, 861; 1800–1914, 956, 958, 981, 981, 981, 981, 981, 981, 981, 981, 981, 981, 981, 981, 982, 982, 982, 982, 983, 983, 983, 983, 983, 983, 983, 983, 983, 983, 983, 983, 984, 984, 984, 984, 984, 984, 984, 984, 984, 984, 984, 985, 985, 985, 985, 985, 985, 985, 985, 985, 985, 985, 986, 986, 986, 986, 986, 986, 986, 986, 986, 987, 987, 987, 987, 987, 987, 987, 987, 987, 988, 988, 988, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 990, 990, 990, 990, 990, 990, 990, 990, 990, 990, 990, 991, 991, 991, 991, 1034, 1038, 1038, 1038, 1038, 1039, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1043, 1142, 1143, 1146, 1147, 1147, 1147, 1151; in Switzerland, 1227; in Russia, 1260; conveyer-belt mass production, 1734; laser, 1734; ballpoint pen, 1734; missiles and rockets, 1734; freezing of foods, 1735; plastic packaging, 1735; fluorescent lamps, 1736; Neon lamp, 1736; Xerography, 1736; postwar, 2703; mechanization, 3400; genome, 3441. See technology.
- scientific management
- 1142, 1608.
- Scientific Revolution
- 580, 647.
- Scilingo, Adolfo Francisco, Argentine soldier
- 3503.
- Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, Roman general
- 231.
- Scipio, Publius Cornelius, Roman general
- 231, 231, 232.
- Scipio Aemilianus, Publius Cornelius, Roman general
- 233, 234.
- Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, Roman general
- 232, 232, 232, 232, 232, 232, 233.
- Scipio Asiaticus, Lucius Cornelius, Roman consul
- 233.
- Sciri
- 402.
- Sclaveni
- See Slavs.
- Scone
- 669.
- Scopes, John T., teacher of evolution
- 2196.
- Scopes Trial
- 2196.
- Scoresby, William, English explorer
- 995.
- Scorpion, king of Upper Egypt
- 91.
- Scotch-Irish, settlers in America
- 935.
- Scotland
- 251, 421, 421, 421, 422, 422, 424, 424, 424, 424, 424, 424, 425, 426, 426, 444, 444, 447, 464, 464, 512, 512, 512, 512, 512, 512, 512, 517, 522, 585, 585, 585, 588, 588, 589, 589, 589, 589, 591, 591, 591, 591, 591, 592, 592, 592, 593, 593, 593, 593, 598, 615, 668, 668, 668, 669, 669, 671, 674, 676, 676, 676, 678, 679, 679, 683, 686, 687, 785, 1046, 1155, 1157, 1159, 1846, 2693, 2777, 2800, 2800, 2802, 2802; and France, 452; and England, 512; union with England, 683; WWI, 1741, 1795, 1809; WWII, 2587.
- Scott, Dred, U.S. slave
- 1583.
- Scott, Michael, activist
- 4455.
- Scott, Robert F., English explorer
- 997, 997, 997.
- Scott, Thomas, Canadian leader
- 1630.
- Scott, Walter, writer
- 1046.
- Scott, Winfield, U.S. commander
- 1578, 1586, 1586.
- Scottish Church
- 447, 591.
- Scottish National Party
- 2644.
- Scottish War
- 512.
- Scottsboro, Alabama
- 2199.
- Scottsboro Case
- 2199.
- Scouting Experimental, British plane
- 1767.
- Scranton, William W., U.S. leader
- 3420.
- Scratchley, Peter
- 1477.
- Scribonia, wife of Octavian
- 242.
- Scribonianus, Lucius Arruntius Camillus, governor of Dalmatia
- 248.
- Scripture
- See Bible.
- Scrooby
- 926.
- Scullin, James H., Australian leader
- 2544.
- sculpture
- 130, 132, 152, 158, 167, 229.
- Scutari
- 536, 538, 563, 1138, 1138, 1798.
- Scutari, battles of
- 1137, 1297.
- Scyros
- 168, 190, 199.
- Scythians
- 47, 87, 123, 130, 132, 216, 216.
- Scytho-Parthians
- 217.
- Seaga, Edward, Jamaican leader
- 3763.
- Sealand dynasty
- 85, 86, 86, 88.
- Seale, Bobby, activist
- 3417.
- Seaman's Act of 1915, U.S.
- 1620.
- Seamen's Security Law, Norway
- 2047.
- Sea of Azov
- 489, 784.
- Sea of Japan
- 160, 163, 167.
- Sea of Marmara
- 114, 115, 955, 1045.
- Sea Peoples
- 86, 93, 93, 103, 109, 113, 171.
- Sears, Richard Warner, U.S. merchant
- 1602.
- Sears, Roebuck, and Company
- 1602.
- Seattle
- 18, 2697, 3438.
- Sebastian I, king of Portugal
- 605, 605, 823.
- Sebennytus
- See Tjeb-neter.
- Sebuktigin, Ghaznavid leader
- 300.
- secession
- 1584, 1585.
- Sechenov, Ivan M., physiologist
- 1152.
- Second Cataract
- 92, 93.
- Second Coalition
- 1010, 1011.
- Second Empire, France
- 1177, 1187.
- Second International
- 1902; in Switzerland, 1228.
- Second International Workingmen's Association
- 959, 1144, 1703.
- Second Reich
- 1234.
- Second Republic, France
- 1081.
- Second Secession
- 225.
- Second Temple
- 105.
- Secretariat of the Indies, Spain
- 909.
- secret ballot
- 1492.
- secret police
- 1258; Ottoman Empire, 1345.
- secret societies
- 1059, 1060; Spain, 1062, 1066; Italy, 1066, 1067, 1067, 1067.
- secularism
- 580; in art, 616.
- secularization
- 1143, 1146; Belgium, 1171; Austria, 1242.
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