R

ranges of estimation, 107–108

communicating, 256–257

confidence intervals, 252–254

estimate refinement and, 177

probabilistic project outcomes, 6–9

width of, 18

ratio-based estimation approach, 60

Rational Unified Process (RUP), 79

RE (risk exposure), 246

recalibrating after missed milestones, 175–179

recomposition. See decomposition

reducing bias. See bias and subjectivity

reestimating. See flow of estimates

refining estimates. See calibration

rejection of estimates, 262

relative error, 110

remembering old estimates, 51

removing defects from software, 242–245

reporting estimates, 249–257

assumption communication, 249–251

expressing uncertainty, 251–255

ranges, 256–257

Requirements Complete phase, 35, 39. See also Cone of Uncertainty

iterative development, 40–41

unstable project requirements, 42, 247

requirements omitted from estimates, 44–46, 110

software to account for, 160

requirements, project

creating, effort for, 234, 239

unstable (creeping), 42, 247

requirements omitted from estimates, 44–46, 110

software to account for, 160

responsibilities, project-related

allocating effort to, 233–238

checklists, 110

defect production estimates, 241

granularity of, 106, 116

overall best/worst case, creating, 120–126

overlooked in estimates, 44–46, 110

reviews of estimates, 111, 149–150. See also structured expert judgment

comparing estimates to actuals, 110–112

with estimation software, 162

of project size, 205

sanity checking, 162, 271

with standardized estimation, 192

risk and contingency buffers, 245–247, 251–252

risk information, obtaining early, 28

risk quantification, 251–252

RUP (Rational Unified Process), 79