6.1 Lists

The next stop on the built-in object tour is the Python list. Lists are Python's most flexible ordered collection object type. Unlike strings, lists can contain any sort of object: numbers, strings, even other lists. Python lists do the work of most of the collection data structures you might have to implement manually in lower-level languages such as C. In terms of some of their main properties, Python lists are:

Ordered collections of arbitrary objects

From a functional view, lists are just a place to collect other objects, so you can treat them as a group. Lists also define a left-to-right positional ordering of the items in the list.

Accessed by offset

Just as with strings, you can fetch a component object out of a list by indexing the list on the object's offset. Since items in lists are ordered by their positions, you can also do such tasks as slicing and concatenation.

Variable length, heterogeneous, arbitrarily nestable

Unlike strings, lists can grow and shrink in place (they can have variable length), and may contain any sort of object, not just one-character strings (they're heterogeneous). Because lists can contain other complex objects, lists also support arbitrary nesting; you can create lists of lists of lists.

Of the category mutable sequence

In terms of our type category qualifiers, lists can be both changed in place (they're mutable) and respond to all the sequence operations used with strings like indexing, slicing, and concatenation. In fact, sequence operations work the same on lists. Because lists are mutable, they also support other operations strings don't, such as deletion and index assignment.

Arrays of object references

Technically, Python lists contain zero or more references to other objects. Lists might remind you of arrays of pointers (addresses). Fetching an item from a Python list is about as fast as indexing a C array; in fact, lists really are C arrays inside the Python interpreter. Python always follows a reference to an object whenever the reference is used, so your program only deals with objects. Whenever you insert an object into a data structure or variable name, Python always stores a reference to the object, not a copy of it (unless you request a copy explicitly).

Table 6-1 summarizes common list object operations.

Table 6-1. Common list literals and operations

Operation	Interpretation
L1 = [ ]	An empty list
L2 = [0, 1, 2, 3]	Four items: indexes 0..3
L3 = ['abc', ['def', 'ghi']]	Nested sublists
L2[i] L3[i][j]L2[i:j] len(L2)	Index, slice, length
L1 + L2L2 * 3	Concatenate, repeat
for x in L2 3 in L2	Iteration, membership
L2.append(4) L2.extend([5,6,7])L2.sort( )L2.index(1) L2.reverse( )	Methods: grow, sort, search, reverse, etc.
del L2[k]del L2[i:j]L2.pop( )L2[i:j] = [ ]	Shrinking
L2[i] = 1L2[i:j] = [4,5,6]	Index assignment, slice assignment
range(4)xrange(0, 4)	Make lists/tuples of integers
L4 = [x**2 for x in range(5)]	List comprehensions (Chapter 14)

When written down, lists are coded as a series of objects (or expressions that return objects) in square brackets, separated by commas. For instance, the second row in Table 6-1 assigns variable L1 to a four-item list. Nested lists are coded as a nested square-bracketed series (row 3), and the empty list is just a square-bracket pair with nothing inside (row 1).^[1]

^[1] In practice, you won't see many lists written out like this in list-processing programs. It's more common to see code that processes lists constructed dynamically (at runtime). In fact, although literal syntax is important to master, most data structures in Python are built by running program code at runtime.

Many of the operations in Table 6-1 should look familiar, since they are the same sequence operations put to work on strings indexing, concatenation, iteration, and so on. Lists also respond to list-specific method calls (which provide utilities such as sorting, reversing, adding items on the end, etc.), as well as in-place change operations (deleting items, assignment to indexes and slices, and so forth). Lists get the tools for change operations because they are a mutable object type.