Chapter 3. Objects, Groups, and Layers

Understanding Appearances

As we discussed in the previous chapter, a vector path can have certain attributes applied, which can define the appearance of that path. When you print a file, you aren't seeing the vector path, you're seeing the appearance that was specified for that path . An example of an attribute might be a particular fill or stroke setting. As we'll learn later in this chapter, attributes can also be effects like drop shadows or 3D effects.

Smart Targeting

The target is simply the chosen entity to which attributes are applied. For the most part, targeting happens by itself. Illustrator employs a feature called Smart Targeting, which anticipates your actions and targets everything automatically. Although it may sound scary to know that Illustrator is trying to stay one step ahead of you, Illustrator actually does a great job of targeting for you. When you select a path, that path is automatically targeted . When you select a group, Illustrator assumes you want any attributes that you apply to be applied at the group level, rather than at the object level, and so Illustrator targets the group . See the Featured Match-Up sidebar "Selecting vs. Targeting" on the next page for more on targeting.

Of course, it's possible to manually target things on your own, and we'll discuss how to do that when we talk about layers , later in this chapter.

The Appearance Palette

When you specify attributes, they appear listed in the Appearance palette. We know this sounds like an advertisement for a movie, but if you keep only one Illustrator palette open on your screen while you're working, make it the Appearance palette. In fact, the Appearance palette is probably the most important palette in Illustratorever.

Like X-ray vision, the Appearance palette enables you to look at the underlying objects in your file and see how they were built or created. This palette also gives you access to every attribute of an object. But before we get ahead of ourselves , let's start with the basics.

Basic Appearances

Draw a rectangle with the default white fill and a 10-point black stroke and take a look at the Appearance palette. When the rectangle is selected, the Appearance palette displays a thumbnail icon and the word "Path," which is the targeted item. (When we discuss Groups later in the chapter, we'll discuss what the target is.) The palette also lists the target's stroke (with the weight beside it), the fill, and the transparency ( Figure 3.2 ). The order in which the listed items appear is important, because they define the final appearance of the object.

Featured Match-Up: Selecting vs. Targeting At first glance, it can appear that selecting and targeting are one and the same. They appear this way because of Illustrator's Smart Targeting feature, where Illustrator does most of the targeting for you automatically, but selecting and targeting are really two different things. For the most part, selecting is an action that is used to define a set of criteria that will be used for performing transformations. As we'll see in Chapter 4, Advanced Vectors , transformations consist of moving, scaling, rotating, skewing, or mirroring objects. You select objects because you want to move them from one side of your document to another, because you want to delete them, and so on. Targeting on the other hand, is an action that is used to define a set of criteria specifically to apply an attribute such as a stroke, a fill, a transparency, or a live effect. When you select a path with the Selection tool, Illustrator automatically targets that path so that you can apply attributes to it. However, there may be times when you want to specifically target an entity. For example, you can target a layer and then add a stroke attribute to it ( Figure 3.1 ). This gives every object on the layer a Stroke attribute (we'll discuss this concept in detail later in this chapter). Selecting the layer simply selects all of the objects on that layer. Applying a Stroke attribute at this point results in the individual paths getting the stroke. Targeting the layer results in the layer itself getting the Stroke attribute (the layer is a container, much like a group is a container for its contents). Figure 3.1. When you add a stroke to a layer, it is added to the top of the stacking order. All objects on that layer appear with a stroke. Because the stroke applies to the entire layer, even objects that are overlapping each other are stroked .

Let's expand on what you learned in the previous chapter about fills and strokes. By default, a fill is painted first; the stroke is then painted on top of the fill. This is why you can see the entire weight of a stroke that is painted on the centerline of a path. However, you can click the Stroke attribute that is listed in the Appearance palette and drag it so that it appears listed beneath the Fill attribute ( Figure 3.3 ). This ability to change the stacking order of attributes in an object's painting order becomes even more important when we talk about groups and layers later in the chapter.

You can also use the Appearance palette to target individual attributes by simply clicking them to highlight them. For example, when you click an object to select it, you can apply an opacity setting to that object via the Transparency palette. This opacity setting is applied to both the Fill and the Stroke attribute of the selected object ( Figure 3.4 ). However, if you first target the fill by clicking it in the Appearance palette ( Figure 3.5 ) and then changing the opacity setting, you'll notice that the setting is applied to the fill only and not to the stroke. This is indicated in the Appearance palette by a disclosure triangle just to the left of the Fill entry: The Opacity setting appears indented immediately underneath the fill's Color setting ( Figure 3.6 ).

Complex Appearances

Objects that have a Fill and a Stroke attribute are referred to as having a basic appearance . However, vector objects aren't limited to just one fill and one stroke and can contain multiple attributes. An object with more than just one fill or stroke is referred to as having a complex appearance .

You can't change an object's transparency settings from the Appearance palette, but double-clicking on the transparency listing in the Appearance palette will open the Transparency palette, where you can make changes. Note that this action will always edit the entire object's transparency. To apply transparency to individual strokes and fills, highlight them in the Appearance palette and then make a change using the Transparency palette directly.

To add an attribute to an object, choose Add New Fill or Add New Stroke from the Appearance palette menu ( Figure 3.7 ). You'll see the new attribute appear in the Appearance palette, where you can change its place in the stacking order. Alternatively, you can drag a Fill or a Stroke attribute to the duplicate icon at the bottom of the Appearance palette. Dragging an attribute to the trash icon removes the attribute from the object.

Be sure to check out Steven Gordon's use of multiple fills in the color insert.

You may be wondering what good two fills or two strokes do in an object, because one always covers the one beneath it. Earlier, we discussed the ability to target a specific attribute so that you can apply settings to each individually. By first targeting the lower fill and specifying one color and then targeting the second fill, choosing a different color, and setting that fill to overprint, or by giving it an opacity setting or a blend mode, you've combined two inks in a single object ( Figure 3.8 , next page). Adding multiple strokes, each with different widths, colors, and dash patterns, can result in useful borders or even stitch lines ( Figure 3.9 ). There are numerous reasons for adding multiple attributes, and there's no limit to how many fills or strokes you can add to an object. Another benefit of numerous fills and strokes is that you can create a complex appearance yet edit just a single path. We'll discuss more ways in which this feature can be useful when we talk about Live Effects, later in this chapter.

Figure 3.8. Combining two fills in a single object allows you to create interesting effects. Here, a pattern fill and a gradient fill are combined using a transparency blend mode.

Figure 3.9. Combining two strokes in a single path gives you the ability to create complex strokes and still edit a single path.

The Appearance palette also gives you control over the behavior of appearances. At the bottom of the palette are several buttons ( Figure 3.10 ):

• New Art Has Basic Appearance. This toggle, on by default, means that each new object you draw will have a basic appearancea single fill and a single stroke. Normally, Illustrator styles a newly drawn object based on the last object that is selected. For example, if you click an object with a black stroke and a yellow fill, the next object you draw has a black stroke and a yellow fill as well. However, if you select an object with a complex appearance and then create a new shape, you may not want that new shape to be drawn with multiple attributes. When this is toggled off, all new objects pick up the complex appearances of any object previously selected.

• Clear appearance. This function reduces any appearance to a single fill and a single stroke, both with an attribute of None. This is a great way to select a shape and start from scratch.

• Reduce to Basic Appearance. This function reduces any complex appearance to a basic appearance by removing all fills and strokes except for the topmost fill and the topmost stroke.

Figure 3.10. The Appearance palette contains several functions to control the appearances of objects.

Expanding Appearances

You'll notice that you can't select a specific attribute of an object from the artboardthe only place to access this functionality is via the Appearance palette. This makes the Appearance palette infinitely important, but it may make you wonder how an object with a complex appearance will print. After all, how does the printer or export format know to draw these multiple attributes on a single path?

The answer is that Illustrator breaks these complex appearances down into multiple overlapping pathseach path contains a basic appearance. This process, called expanding , doesn't happen on your artboardit happens in the print stream or the export stream.

There are times when you may want to manually expand your appearances to access the multiple attributes on the artboard . To do so, choose Object > Expand Appearance. Remember that once you've expanded an appearance, you are dealing with a group of multiple objects, not a single object anymore. Each of those individual objects has a basic appearance, and unless you've created a graphic style (covered later in this chapter), you have no way to return to the original complex appearance.

Although some people don't trust Illustrator and expand all appearances before sending final files off to print, we don't condone such behavior. There is no risk in printing files with appearancesthey print just fine. Additionally, expanding your appearances limits your options if you have to make a last-minute edit or if your printer has to adjust your file.