List of Figures

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Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of MPLS Networks and Data Flow

Figure 1.1: IP Network

Figure 1.2: IP Network with LERs and IP Packet with Shim Header Attached

Figure 1.3: MPLS Shim Header and Format

Figure 1.4: Label Switch Routers

Figure 1.5: Label Switch Paths

Figure 1.6: MPLS Network with Two FECs

Figure 1.7: Ingress LER Attaches a Shim Header

Figure 1.8: Label Swapping

Figure 1.9: Stacked Labels with Tunneled Network

Figure 1.10: MPLS Label Range Commands

Figure 1.11: MPLS Forwarding Table Commands

Figure 1.12: Network Trace for HTTP Port Number 80

Figure 1.13: Network Trace for Port 25 E-Mail

Figure 1.14: Network Trace for Port 20 FTP

Figure 1.15: Frame 1

Figure 1.16: Frame 9

Figure 1.17: Open MPLS_basic File

Chapter 2: MPLS Label Distribution

Figure 2.1: Label Switching in the Early Days

Figure 2.2: Basic MPLS Network with Four Routers

Figure 2.3: Independent Control

Figure 2.4: Ordered Control (Pushed)

Figure 2.5: Downstream on Demand (DOD)

Figure 2.6: LSR with Cross-Connect Tables Populated

Figure 2.7: Data Flow on LSP

Figure 2.8: A Closer Look at the Router

Figure 2.9: Full Network Diagram

Figure 2.10: Creating the Interface

Figure 2.11: Detailed View of LER1 Interface gi 2.2

Figure 2.12: Detailed View of LER1 Local Interface Lo 0Create OSPF on Interfaces

Figure 2.13: LER1 Global Routing

Figure 2.14: LER1 Enable OSPF

Figure 2.15: MPLS Added to Interface

Figure 2.16: LDP Started

Figure 2.17: Show LDP Sessions

Figure 2.18: Show LDP Neighbor

Figure 2.19: Hello Message for Exercise 2.2

Chapter 3: MPLS Signaling

Figure 3.1: Backed-Up Express Lane

Figure 3.2: MPLS with Three Paths

Figure 3.3: MPLS with a Failed Path C

Figure 3.4: MPLS with Congestion Caused by a Reroute

Figure 3.5: MPLS Routing State Machines

Figure 3.6: RSVP-TE PathRequest

Figure 3.7: RSVP-TE Reservation

Figure 3.8: RSVP-TE Path Setup

Figure 3.9: RSVP-TE Details

Figure 3.10: CR-LDP Frame Format

Figure 3.11: CR-LDP Call Setup

Figure 3.12: Simple RSVP Command Overview

Figure 3.13: RSVP Path Request

Figure 3.14: Previously Covered Commands

Figure 3.15: Show LSP ALL

Figure 3.16: Show LSP Verbose

Figure 3.17: ERO Subobject Fields

Figure 3.18: Four Reserved Values

Figure 3.19: Unique RSVP Strict Path Commands

Figure 3.20: Unique RSVP Strict Path Commands

Figure 3.21: RSVP Loose Routing (View 1)

Figure 3.22: RSVP with Loose Routing (View 2)

Figure 3.23: Configuration Example 1

Figure 3.24: Configuration Example 2

Figure 3.25: RSVP Overview

Figure 3.26: RSVP Detail

Figure 3.27: Frame 4

Figure 3.28: RSVP Path Request

Chapter 4: MPLS Network Reliance and Recovery

Figure 4.1: Traffic Detour

Figure 4.2: Heartbeat vs. Error Message Failure Detection

Figure 4.3: Heartbeat Method

Figure 4.4: Error Messages

Figure 4.5: Standard Routing

Figure 4.6: Network Failures

Figure 4.7: One-to-One Redundancy

Figure 4.8: One-to-Many Redundancy

Figure 4.9: Fault-Tolerant Equipment

Figure 4.10: RSVP-TE with Link Protection

Figure 4.11: RSVP-TE with Node Protection

Figure 4.12: Top-Level Configuration

Figure 4.13: Configuration Example

Figure 4.14: Previous RSVP Command

Figure 4.15: Four Steps to Configure Back Path

Figure 4.16: Detailed Syntax Commands for Secondary Path

Figure 4.17: Path without a Failure

Figure 4.18: Path After Failure

Figure 4.19: Typical Router Configuration

Figure 4.20: CLI Becomes Complex on Larger Networks

Figure 4.21: The Cisco Tunnel Builder Solution

Figure 4.22: Tunnel Builder Block Diagram

Figure 4.23: Tunnel Builder Demo Setup, Part 1

Figure 4.24: Tunnel Builder Demo Setup, Part 2

Figure 4.25: Tunnel Builder Demo Setup, Part 3

Chapter 5: MPLS Traffic Engineering

Figure 5.1: Express Lane

Figure 5.2: Four Aspects of Traffic Engineering

Figure 5.3: Over-Provisioning vs. Under-Provisioning

Figure 5.4: Comparison of Over-Provisioning and Under-Provisioning

Figure 5.5: Sample Network Diagram: Example 1

Figure 5.6: Sample Network Failure

Figure 5.7: Traffic Trends

Figure 5.8: Voice with Silence Suppression

Figure 5.9: Vocal Jazz Music (The Andrews Sisters Singing 'Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy')

Figure 5.10: OPNET MPLS Uses

Figure 5.11: OPNET Services

Figure 5.12: Key Features of OPNET MPLS Model

Figure 5.13: Nonoptimized Network

Figure 5.14: Optimized Network

Chapter 6: Introduction to MPlS and GMPLS

Figure 6.1: GMPLS Advantages

Figure 6.2: Data, ATM, SONET, and DWDM

Figure 6.3: Network Types

Figure 6.4: The Promise of GMPLS

Figure 6.5: MPlS

Figure 6.6: GMPLS, MPLS, and IP

Figure 6.7: Network with Interfaces Added

Figure 6.8: Neighbor Discovery

Figure 6.9: Link Status Distribution

Figure 6.10: Topology Information

Figure 6.11: Path and Link Management Control

Figure 6.12: Link Management

Figure 6.13: SONET Matrix

Chapter 7: Virtual Private Networks and MPLS

Figure 7.1: Mesh VPN Network

Figure 7.2: VPN Using a Service Provider

Figure 7.3: VPN Requirements

Figure 7.4: End-to-End VPN Using a Secure Tunnel

Figure 7.5: Types of VPN Tunnels

Figure 7.6: GRE Header and GRE Packet

Figure 7.7: IP-IP Header

Figure 7.8: IPSec Frame

Figure 7.9: L2TPv3

Figure 7.10: MPLS Tunnel and Frame

Figure 7.11: VPN Overlay Model

Figure 7.12: Hub-and-Spoke Configuration with 4 Sites (Original Configuration)

Figure 7.13: Adding Site 5 with a Hub and Spoke Design

Figure 7.14: Adding Site 5 with a Fully Meshed Network

Figure 7.15: Peer Model

Figure 7.16: The Layers of VPNs (The VPN Tree)

Figure 7.17: RFC 2547 Data Flow, Steps 1 and 2

Figure 7.18: RFC 2547 Data Flow, Steps 3 and 4

Figure 7.19: RFC 2547 Routing Exchange, Steps 1 and 2

Figure 7.20: RFC 2547 Routing Exchange, Steps 3 and 4

Figure 7.21: Independent IP Address

Figure 7.22: Independent IP Address with Router Designator

Figure 7.23: Virtual Routing Network Drawing

Figure 7.24: VPN Tree

Figure 7.25: VPWS Network Design

Figure 7.26: VPLS Network

Figure 7.27: IPLS Network

Figure 7.28: Martini Block Diagram

Figure 7.29: Martini Header

Figure 7.30: Martini Header (Detailed)

Figure 7.31: Martini Tunnels

Figure 7.32: Kompella Routing and Forwarding Exchange

Figure 7.33: Kompella Data Flow, Steps 1 and 2

Figure 7.34: Kompella Data Flow, Steps 3 and 4

Figure 7.35: AToM Network

Figure 7.36: Example Network (1)

Figure 7.37: Network Diagram (2)

Figure 7.38: MPLS Block Diagram (3)

Figure 7.39: Case Study 1

Figure 7.40: Top-Level RFC2547 VPN Configuration

Figure 7.41: Configuration Details for RFC 2547

Figure 7.42: Layer-2 VPN Top Level

Figure 7.43: Detailed VPN Configuration

Figure 7.44: Top-Level VPLS Configuration

Figure 7.45: Case Study 2

Chapter 8: Quality of Service Meets MPLS

Figure 8.1: MOS Scale

Figure 8.2: Dropped Packets vs. Network Utilization

Figure 8.3: Latency Measurements

Figure 8.4: Jitter Measurements

Figure 8.5: Low Utilization with Low Errors

Figure 8.6a: Network Under Test for Quality of Voice Calls

Figure 8.6b: Percentage of Dropped Packets vs. Percentage of Load

Figure 8.6c: MOS Score Is Inversely Proportional to Load

Figure 8.7: QoS Markings for 802.1Q/p

Figure 8.8: QoS Marked on the Network Layer DiffServ

Figure 8.9: QoS Marked on the MPLS Shim Header

Figure 8.10: Packets Marked in Three Places

Figure 8.11: End-to-End QoS Marking

Figure 8.12: End-to-End QoS with RSVP

Figure 8.13: Applications Policing

Figure 8.14: QoS - CoS

Figure 8.15: CoS - QoS Mapping

Figure 8.16: E-LSP /L-LSP

Figure 8.17: Too Many Packets Trying to Enter Router

Figure 8.18: Basic RED Rules

Figure 8.19: Simple RED Queuing Response Curve

Figure 8.20: Traffic to Be Queued

Figure 8.21: Dropped Packet Percentages after RED Shaping

Figure 8.22: The Problem with RED

Figure 8.23: WRED Theory

Figure 8.24: Priority Bits in IP Header

Figure 8.25: QoS without Marked Packets

Figure 8.26: Precedence Bits Marked

Figure 8.27: ToS and DiffServ bits relationship

Figure 8.28: Precedence Bit Mapping

Figure 8.29: ToS Bits Copied to Exp Bits

Figure 8.30: Detailed DiffServ Code Point Format

Figure 8.31: Details of Bit Pattern for AF 11

Figure 8.32: What Is Needed for End-to-End QoS?

Figure 8.33: MPLS End-to-End QoS Process

Figure 8.34: QoS per MPLS Elements

Figure 8.35: Copy Bits Directly to and from Packets Traversing the LSP

Figure 8.36: Setting the Exp Bits Using a Mapping Table

Chapter 9: MPLS Marketing

Figure 9.1: How to Go Broke

Figure 9.2: Questions in Marketing

Figure 9.3: Three Types of Audience

Figure 9.4: End-User Concerns

Figure 9.5: What Service Providers Want

Figure 9.6: The Vendor's Goal

Figure 9.7: State of Carrier Market

Figure 9.8: Strategies for Growth and Marketing

Figure 9.9: VPN Sales

Figure 9.10: Carrier Revenue

Figure 9.11: One-Stop Carrier Shop

Figure 9.12: Marketing Areas

Figure 9.13: Core Provider Marketing Areas

Figure 9.14: The VPN Rainbow

Figure 9.15: Customers Want Value Added Services

Figure 9.16: Five Major Drivers Behind VPNs

Figure 9.17: ATM Sales Projections

Figure 9.18: Marketing Fronts

Figure 9.19: Zone of Success

Figure 9.20: Unofficial MPLS Carrier List

Figure 9.21: Acme Networks: Total Customers and Total Locations

Figure 9.22: Total Revenue by Firm Size ($Millions)

Figure 9.23: Atlanta Area Network Architecture

Figure 9.24: Total Capex - All Edge Pops ($M)

Figure 9.25: Total Central Office COGS ($K) (Rack Space, Security, Power, HVAC)

Figure 9.26: Total Outage Related COGS (Outage-related customer services and SLA violations) ($M)

Figure 9.27: Total VPN Service COGS ($M)

Figure 9.28: Summary Operational Costs

Figure 9.29: Total Overhead Costs ($M)

Figure 9.30: Total Net Income: 2002-2006 ($M)

Figure 9.31: Total NPV ($M)

Figure 9.32: ROIC

Appendix A: Answer Key for Chapter Exercises

Figure 1.12: Network Trace for HTTP Port Number 80

Figure 1.13: Network Trace for Port 25 E-Mail

Figure 1.14: Network Trace for Port 20 FTP

Figure 1.15: Frame 1

Figure 1.16: Frame 9

Figure 1.17: Open MPLS_basic File

Figure 2.19: Hello Message for Exercise 2.2

Figure 3.25: RSVP Overview

Figure 3.26: RSVP Detail

Figure 3.28: Frame 4

Figure 3.29: RSVP Path Request

Figure 7.39: Case Study 1

Figure 7.45: Case Study 2

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