Equivalent Staging

Equivalent staging is a way to compare results from using the continuous representation to those of the staged representation. In essence, if improvement relative to selected process areas is measured using capability levels in the continuous representation, how would you compare that to maturity levels? Is this possible?

Up to this point, we have not discussed process appraisals in much detail. The SCAMPI^SM method is used for appraising organizations using CMMI and one result of an appraisal is a rating. If the continuous representation is used for an appraisal, the rating is a capability level profile. If the staged representation is used for an appraisal, the rating is a maturity level (e.g., maturity level 3).

A capability level profile is a list of process areas and the corresponding capability level achieved for each. This profile enables an organization to track its capability level by process area. The profile is an achievement profile when it represents the organization's actual progress for each process area. Alternatively, the profile is a target profile when it represents the organization's planned process-improvement objectives. Figure 5.5 illustrates both a target profile and achievement profile. The gray portion of each bar represents what has been achieved. The unshaded portion represents what remains to be accomplished to meet the target profile.

Figure 5.5. An Example of an Achievement Profile and a Target Profile

An achievement profile, when compared with a target profile, enables an organization to plan and track its progress for each selected process area. Maintaining capability level profiles is advisable when using a continuous representation.

Target staging is a sequence of target profiles that describes the path of process improvement to be followed by the organization. When building target profiles, the organization should pay attention to the dependencies between generic practices and process areas. If a generic practice depends on a certain process area, either to carry out the generic practice or to provide a prerequisite product, the generic practice may be much less effective when the process area is not implemented.^[2]

^[2] See chapter 3 for a detailed discussion of the relationships between the generic practices and process areas.

Although there are many reasons to use the continuous representation, the ratings provided by capability level profiles are limited in their ability to provide organizations with a way to generally compare themselves with other organizations. Capability level profiles could be used if each organization selected the same process areas; however, maturity levels have been used to compare organizations for years and already provide predefined sets of process areas.

Because of this situation, equivalent staging was created. Equivalent staging enables an organization that used the continuous representation for an appraisal to convert the capability level profile to a maturity level rating.

The most effective way to depict equivalent staging is to provide a sequence of target profiles, each of which is equivalent to a maturity level rating of the staged representation. The result is a target staging that is equivalent to the maturity levels of the staged representation.

Figure 5.6 shows a summary of the target profiles that must be achieved when using the continuous representation to be equivalent to maturity levels 2 through 5. Each shaded area in the capability level columns represents a target profile that is equivalent to a maturity level in the staged representation.

Figure 5.6. Target Profiles and Equivalent Staging

The following rules summarize equivalent staging:

• To achieve maturity level 2, all process areas assigned to maturity level 2 must achieve capability level 2 or higher.

• To achieve maturity level 3, all process areas assigned to maturity levels 2 and 3 must achieve capability level 3 or higher.

• To achieve maturity level 4, all process areas assigned to maturity levels 2, 3, and 4 must achieve capability level 3 or higher.

• To achieve maturity level 5, all process areas must achieve capability level 3 or higher.

These rules and the table for equivalent staging are complete; however, you may ask why target profiles 4 and 5 do not extend into the CL4 and CL5 columns. The reason is that the maturity level 4 process areas describe a selection of the subprocesses to be stabilized based on, in part, the quality and process-performance objectives of the organization and projects. Not every process area will be addressed in the selection and CMMI does not presume in advance which process areas might be addressed in the selection.

So, the achievement of capability level 4 for process areas cannot be predetermined because the choices depend on the selections made by the organization in its implementation of the maturity level 4 process areas. Thus, Figure 5.6 does not show target profile 4 extending into the CL4 column, although some process areas will have achieved capability level 4. The situation for maturity level 5 and target profile 5 is similar.

The existence of equivalent staging should not discourage users of the continuous representation from establishing target profiles that extend above capability level 3. Such a target profile would be determined in part by the selections made by the organization to meet its business objectives.