There are other collaboration tools beyond office applications, shared desktops, and virtual machines. Most common file formats, like PDF and PostScript have plenty of support under Ubuntu. Tools like xpdf, Ghostscript, and Ghostview can show you the contents of these common file types. With regards to networking, there are plenty of peer-to-peer applications. Packages like amule and peercast are available from the Ubuntu repositories.
Developers also have options for collaboration. The Concurrent Versioning System (cvs) and SubVersion (svn) file management systems are readily available and not too difficult to configure. Both svn and cvs support sharing source code across the network and are secure enough to use over the Internet (especially when they are tunneled over SSH).