Index_C

C

C programming language

bit fields, 58

packed bit strings in, 58

union on endian machines, 148

C++, delete memory deallocation operator, 321

C/C++ programming languages, 5

double data type, 72

float data type, 72

records in, 182

sizeof function, 164

unions in, 186

C/C++/Java operators

bitwise, 48

shift left, 52

cache

access latency, 301

architecture, 302

associativity, 304

coherency, 257

control bit, 335

direct-mapped, 303

dirty bits, 308

disk controllers, 356

four-way set associative, 304

fully associative, 304

hits, 154-55

instruction, 247

I/O operations, 335

levels, 296

three, 157

line, 155, 301-3

line replacement

latency, 308

policies, 306

memory, 153

interface to system, 154

miss , 154

n-way set associative, 304

one-way set associative, 303

replacement policy for, 306

least recently used (LRU), 306

random, 307

secondary, 156

subsystems, L2, 300

thrashing, 308

two-level , 156

two-way set associative, 304-5

usage optimization, 305

write policy

write-back, 307

write-through, 307

caching

file block, 375

scheme, 305

system, two-level, 156

calculations

accuracy of BCD, 32

floating point

error accumulation, 68

rounding after, 67

canonical

byte gender formats, 146

forms, 199

of Boolean expressions, 198

converting between, 203

maxterms, 203

minterms, 200-2

truth tables from, 200

capacity

hard disk drive, 352

memory, 152

cards

CompactFlash, 364

flash memory, PC, 364

sound, 399

carriage return character, 104

carry, 40

case characters , 105

case variant records, 186

casting types, 28

CD track seek times, 362

CD-recordable (CD-R) format, 361

CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-R/W drives , 360

CD-quality audio, 401

ceil function, 77

cells , memory, 220

central processing unit (CPU), 134

Channel Arbitrated Loop, Fibre, 369

character codes for numeric digits, 124

character data, 104

character groupings, 128

character set, 119

ASCII, 104

numeric digits, 105

punctuation symbols, 105

uppercase characters, 105

designing, 121

double-byte (DBCSS), 108

EBCDIC, 107

HyCode, 122, 129

membership in, 119

representation

HLA, 120

list, 120

powersets, 120

Unicode, 109

characters

ASCII character set, 104

backspace , 105

carriage return, 104

comparing alphabetic, 126

control characters, 104

control codes, 106

descriptor-based strings, 115

differentiating upper- and lowercase, 105

end-of-line, 106

grouping alphabetic, 124

HLA string format, 113

length-prefixed strings, 112

line feed, 105

lowercase alphabetic, 105

maximum length for strings, 111

NUL, 112

numeric digits, 105, 106

reference count for strings, 111

representation, 103

string formats, 110-15

Unicode, 109

uppercase, 105

zero- terminated strings, 111

charts

binary/hexadecimal conversion, 17

binary/octal conversion, 19

chip

8042 microcontroller, 349

8250 serial communications, 351

serial communications, 351

circuit

addition, 214

combinatorial, 214

decoder, 216

instability, 221

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer), 230

and data hazard , 250

clipping (saturation), 30

clock

cycle, 150

falling edge of a, 150

frequency, 150

lines, 136

memory access, 151

operation, 150

period, 150

rising edge of a, 150

system, 149, 150

clocked logic, 220

clocks per instruction (CPI), 251

closure, 192

for Boolean operators, 193

of an operator, 192

cmp instruction (Y86), 269, 276

coarse-grained parallelism, 257

code

characteristics of great, 6

data caches, 249

down key, 348

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange (EBCDIC), 107

keyboard, 348

machine, 274

morphing, 255

pages, 107

scan, 348

sections in a program, 319

coercion (real to integer), type, 81

column-major

array element ordering, 178

ordering, 178

column-major array access, 175, 178

COM ports, 351

combinatorial circuits, 214

command set, SCSI, 370

communications

with device drivers, 347

devices under USB, 396

RS-232 serial, 351

unidirectional parallel, 349

communications chips, serial, 351

commutativity, 192-93

CompactFlash cards, 364

comparing

alphabetic characters, 126

bits, 49

dates, 58

floating-point numbers , 69-71

pointers, 164, 168

comparison instructions, 266

complement sign bit, 24

Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC), 230, 280

components , 134

composite data types, 169

composition of a word, 22

computer architecture, 134

computers

Boolean algebra and, 212

reel-to-reel tape drives, 363

stored program, 227

concept of a number, abstract, 10

condition codes register, 232

conditional jumps , 277

instructions, 230, 266

Y86, 274

connecting

PCI and ISA buses, 339

ports, 333

connections

master-slave , 391

peer-to-peer, 391

constant sections in a program, 319

constants, binary literal, 15

constructing large objects from bytes in memory, 147

contention (for the bus), 246

contiguous memory, 166

contraction (sign), 29

control

bit, 335

bus, 134, 136

characters, 104

line, 136, 141, 330-333

transfer instructions (Y86), 269

transmission, USB, 393

units (CU), 239

controller stack

host, 391

USB host, 391

controllers

joysticks and game, 397

SCSI, 367

conversion

between canonical forms, 203

between decimal and binary, 14

between hexadecimal and binary, 17

between little and big endian forms, 146

between octal and binary, 18

decimal digits to an integer, 20

in a double word, endian, 146

integer to a string of characters, 20

string to numeric, 19

conversion chart

binary/hexadecimal, 17

binary/octal, 19

copy storage in memory hierarchy, 298

cost of CPU design, 260

counters

electronic implementation, 223

modulo-n, 51

CPI (clocks per instruction), 251

CPU (central processing unit), 134

ALU (arithmetic logical unit), 239

architecture, 225

arithmetic logical unit (ALU), 239

bus interface unit (BIU), 240

cache lines, 302

replacement policies, 306

complexity, 261

control units (CU), 239

CPI (clocks per instruction), 251

data hazards, 246, 250

definition, 225

design, 225

cost, 260

expandability, 261

prefetch queue, 241

random logic, 228

direct-mapped cache, 303

execution units, 229, 252

expandability, 261

flushing a pipeline, 247

four-way set associative

caches, 304

functional units, 239

grouping instructions, 267

Harvard architecture, 248

improving performance, 252

instruction

cache, 247

opcode format, 218

sets, 226, 259

size , 228

usage frequency, 267

instructions, 266

decoding, 228

encoding, 262

executing, 228, 229

legacy support, 261

local bus for, 338

memory access, RISC, 144, 157

microcode , 228

microinstructions, 228

n-way set associative caches, 304

opcodes, 228, 262

out-of-order execution, 253

overlapping instruction execution, 241

pipelining, 243

stages, 244

stalls, 246

prefetch queue, 238-43

random logic design in, 228

register renaming, 253

scaled indexed addressing mode, 284

two-way set associative caches, 304

variable-length instructions, 264

superscalar, 251

Crusoe processor, 255

CU (control units), 239

CX (Y86 register), 275

cycle

memory, 151

unused bus, 240

cylinder, hard disk, 355