Disk Quotas

On large systems with many users, you need to control the amount of disk space a user has access to. Disk quotas are designed for this purpose. Quotas, managed per each partition, can be set for both individual users as well as groups; quotas for the group need not be as large as the aggregate quotas for the individuals in the groups.

When files are created, both a user and a group own them; ownership of the files is always part of the metadata about the files. This makes quotas based on both users and groups easy to manage.

Note

Disk quota management is never done on a home system and rarely, if ever, done on a small office system.

To manage disk quotas, you must have the quota package installed on your system; it is usually installed by default. Quota management with Fedora is not enabled by default and has traditionally been enabled and configured manually by system administrators. Sysadmins use the family of quota commands, such as quotacheck to initialize the quota database files, edquota to set and edit user quotas, setquota to configure disk quotas, and quotaon or quotaoff to control the service. (Other utilities include warnquota for automatically sending mail to users over their disk space usage limit.)

Implementing Quotas

To reiterate, quotas might not be enabled by default, even if the quota software package is installed on your system. When quotas are installed and enabled, you can see which partitions have either user quotas, group quotas, or both by looking at the fourth field in the /etc/fstab file. For example, one line in /etc/fstab shows that quotas are enabled for the /home partition:

/dev/hda5      /home    ext3    defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1

The root of the partition with quotas enabled will have the files aquota.user or aquota.group in them (or both files, if both types of quotas are enabled), and the files will contain the actual quotas. The permissions of these files should be 600 so that users cannot read or write to them. (Otherwise, users would change them to allow ample space for their music files and Internet art collections.) To initialize disk quotas, the partitions must be remounted. This is easily accomplished with the following:

# mount -o ro,remount partition_to_be_remounted mount_point

The underlying console tools (complete with man pages) are

• quotaon, quotaoff Toggles quotas on a partition

• repquota A summary status report on users and groups

• quotacheck Updates the status of quotas (compares new and old tables of disk usage); it is run after fsck

• edquota A very basic quota management command

Manually Configuring Quotas

Manual configuration of quotas involves changing entries in your system's file system table, /etc/fstab, to add the usrquota mount option to the desired portion of your file system. As an example in a simple file system, quota management can be enabled like this:

LABEL=/     /     ext3     defaults,usrquota 1 1

Group-level quotas can also be enabled by using the grpquota option. As the root operator, you must then create a file (using our example of creating user quotas) named aquota.user in the designated portion of the file system, like so:

# touch /quota.user

You should then turn on the use of quotas using the quotaon command:

# quotaon -av

You can then edit user quotas with the edquota command to set hard and soft limits on file system use. The default system editor (vi unless you change your EDITOR environment variable) will be launched when editing a user's quota.

Any user can find out what her quotas are with

$ quota -v

Note

There are no graphical tools supported by Fedora that can be used to configure disk quotas. A Quota mini-HOWTO is maintained at http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Quota.html.

Related Fedora Commands

You will use these commands to manage user accounts in Fedora:

ac A user account-statistics command

change Sets or modifies user password expiration policies

chfn Creates or modifies user finger information in /etc/passwd

chgrp Modifies group memberships

chmod Changes file permissions

chown Changes file ownerships

chpasswd Batch command to modify user passwords

chsh Modifies a user's shell

groups Displays existing group memberships

logname Displays a user's login name

newusers Batches user management command

passwd Creates or modifies user passwords

su Executes shell or command as another user

sudo Manages selected user execution permissions

system-config-users Fedora's graphical user management tool

useradd Creates, modifies, or manages users

userinfo Fedora's graphical chfn command

usermod Edits a user's login profile

userpasswd Fedora's graphical user password command