Examples


Example 66.1. Standardization of Variables in Cluster Analysis

To illustrate the effect of standardization in cluster analysis, this example uses the Fish data set described in the 'Getting Started' section of Chapter 28, 'The FASTCLUS Procedure.' The numbers are measurements taken on 159 fish caught from the same lake (Laengelmavesi) near Tampere in Finland; this data set is available from the Data Archive of the Journal of Statistics Education . The complete data set is displayed in Chapter 67, 'The STEPDISC Procedure.'

The species (Bream, Parkki, Pike, Perch, Roach, Smelt, and Whitefish), weight, three different length measurements (measured from the nose of the fish to the beginning of its tail, the notch of its tail, and the end of its tail), height, and width of each fish are recorded. The height and width are recorded as percentages of the third length variable.

Several new variables are created in the Fish data set: Weight3 , Height , Width , and logLengthRatio . The weight of a fish indicates its size-a heavier Tuna tends to be larger than a lighter Tuna. To get a one dimensional measure of the size of a fish, take the cubic root of the weight ( Weight3 ). The variables Height , Width , Length1 , Length2 , and Length3 are rescaled in order to adjust for dimensionality. The logLengthRatio variable measures the tail length.

Because the new variables Weight3 - logLengthRatio depend on the variable Weight , observations with missing values for Weight are not added to the data set. Consequently, there are 157 observations in the SAS data set Fish .

Before you perform a cluster analysis on coordinate data, it is necessary to consider scaling or transforming the variables since variables with large variances tend to have a larger effect on the resulting clusters than those with small variances.

This example uses three different approaches to standardize or transform the data prior to the cluster analysis. The first approach uses several standardization methods provided in the STDIZE procedure. However, since standardization is not always appropriate prior to the clustering (refer to Milligan and Cooper, 1987, for a Monte Carlo study on various methods of variable standardization), the second approach performs the cluster analysis with no standardization. The third approach invokes the ACECLUS procedure to transform the data into a within-cluster covariance matrix.

The clustering is performed by the FASTCLUS procedure to find seven clusters. Note that the variables Length2 and Length3 are eliminated from this analysis since they both are significantly and highly correlated with the variable Length1 . The correlation coefficients are 0.9958 and 0.9604, respectively. An output data set is created, and the FREQ procedure is invoked to compare the clusters with the species classification.

The DATA step is as follows :

  proc format;   value specfmt   1='Bream'   2='Roach'   3='Whitefish'   4='Parkki'   5='Perch'   6='Pike'   7='Smelt';   data Fish (drop=HtPct WidthPct);   title 'Fish Measurement Data';   input Species Weight Length1 Length2 Length3 HtPct   WidthPct @@;   if Weight <= 0 or Weight=. then delete;   Weight3=Weight**(1/3);   Height=HtPct*Length3/(Weight3*100);   Width=WidthPct*Length3/(Weight3*100);   Length1=Length1/Weight3;   Length2=Length2/Weight3;   Length3=Length3/Weight3;   logLengthRatio=log(Length3/Length1);   format Species specfmt.;   symbol = put(Species, specfmt2.);   datalines;   1  242.0 23.2 25.4 30.0 38.4 13.4   1  290.0 24.0 26.3 31.2 40.0 13.8   1  340.0 23.9 26.5 31.1 39.8 15.1   1  363.0 26.3 29.0 33.5 38.0 13.3    ... [155 more records]    ;   run;  

The following macro, Std , standardizes the Fish data. The macro reads a single argument, mtd , which selects the METHOD= specification to be used in PROC STDIZE.

  /*--- macro for standardization ---*/   %macro Std(mtd);   title2 "Data is standardized by PROC STDIZE with   METHOD= &mtd";   proc stdize data=fish out=sdzout method=&mtd;   var Length1 logLengthRatio Height Width Weight3;   run;   %mend Std;  

The following macro, FastFreq , includes a PROC FASTCLUS statement for performing cluster analysis and a PROC FREQ statement for cross-tabulating species with the cluster membership information that is derived from the previous PROC FASTCLUS statement. The macro reads a single argument, ds , which selects the input data set to be used in PROC FASTCLUS.

  /*--- macro for clustering and cross-tabulating ---*/   /*--- cluster membership with species           ---*/   %macro FastFreq(ds);   proc fastclus data=&ds out=clust maxclusters=7 maxiter=100 noprint;   var Length1 logLengthRatio Height Width Weight3;   run;   proc freq data=clust;   tables species*cluster;   run;   %mend FastFreq;  

The following analysis, (labeled ˜Approach 1') includes 18 different methods of standardization followed by clustering. Since there is a large amount of output from this approach, only results from METHOD=STD, METHOD=RANGE, METHOD=AGK(.14), and METHOD=SPACING(.14) are shown. The following statements produce Output 66.1.1 through Output 66.1.4.

  /**********************************************************/   /*                                                        */   /*     Approach 1: data is standardized by PROC STDIZE    */   /*                                                        */   /**********************************************************/   %Std(MEAN);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(MEDIAN);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(SUM);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(EUCLEN);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(USTD);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(STD);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(RANGE);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(MIDRANGE);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(MAXABS);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(IQR);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(MAD);   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(AGK(.14));   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(SPACING(.14));   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(ABW(5));   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(AWAVE(5));   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(L(1));   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(L(1.5));   %FastFreq(sdzout);   %Std(L(2));   %FastFreq(sdzout);  
Output 66.1.2: Data Is Standardized by PROC STDIZE with METHOD=RANGE
start example
  Fish Measurement Data   Data is standardized by PROC STDIZE with METHOD= RANGE   The FREQ Procedure   Table of Species by CLUSTER   Species     CLUSTER(Cluster)   Frequency   Percent   Row Pct   Col Pct          1       2       3       4       5       6       7  Total   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Bream           0       0      34       0       0       0       0      34   0.00    0.00   21.66    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   21.66   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Roach           0       0       0      19       0       0       0      19   0.00    0.00    0.00   12.10    0.00    0.00    0.00   12.10   0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   61.29    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Whitefish       0       0       0       3       3       0       0       6   0.00    0.00    0.00    1.91    1.91    0.00    0.00    3.82   0.00    0.00    0.00   50.00   50.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    9.68   13.04    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Parkki          0       0       0       0       0      11       0      11   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    7.01    0.00    7.01   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Perch           0       0       0       9      20       0      27      56   0.00    0.00    0.00    5.73   12.74    0.00   17.20   35.67   0.00    0.00    0.00   16.07   35.71    0.00   48.21   0.00    0.00    0.00   29.03   86.96    0.00  100.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Pike           17       0       0       0       0       0       0      17   10.83    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   10.83   100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Smelt           0      14       0       0       0       0       0      14   0.00    8.92    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    8.92   0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Total           17       14       34       31       23       11       27      157   10.83     8.92    21.66    19.75    14.65     7.01    17.20   100.00  
end example
 
Output 66.1.3: Data Is Standardized by PROC STDIZE with METHOD=AGK(.14)
start example
  Fish Measurement Data   Data is standardized by PROC STDIZE with METHOD= AGK(.14)   The FREQ Procedure   Table of Species by CLUSTER   Species     CLUSTER(Cluster)   Frequency   Percent   Row Pct   Col Pct          1       2       3       4       5       6       7  Total   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Bream           0       0      34       0       0       0       0      34   0.00    0.00   21.66    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   21.66   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Roach           0       0       0      17       0       0       2      19   0.00    0.00    0.00   10.83    0.00    0.00    1.27   12.10   0.00    0.00    0.00   89.47    0.00    0.00   10.53   0.00    0.00    0.00   73.91    0.00    0.00    5.71   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Whitefish       0       0       0       3       0       3       0       6   0.00    0.00    0.00    1.91    0.00    1.91    0.00    3.82   0.00    0.00    0.00   50.00    0.00   50.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   13.04    0.00   13.04    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Parkki         11       0       0       0       0       0       0      11   7.01    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    7.01   100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Perch           0       0       0       3       0      20      33      56   0.00    0.00    0.00    1.91    0.00   12.74   21.02   35.67   0.00    0.00    0.00    5.36    0.00   35.71   58.93   0.00    0.00    0.00   13.04    0.00   86.96   94.29   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Pike            0       0       0       0      17       0       0      17   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   10.83    0.00    0.00   10.83   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Smelt           0      14       0       0       0       0       0      14   0.00    8.92    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    8.92   0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Total           11       14       34       23       17       23       35      157   7.01     8.92    21.66    14.65    10.83    14.65    22.29   100.00  
end example
 
Output 66.1.4: Data Is Standardized by PROC STDIZE with METHOD=SPACING(.14)
start example
  Fish Measurement Data   Data is standardized by PROC STDIZE with METHOD= SPACING(.14)   The FREQ Procedure   Table of Species by CLUSTER   Species     CLUSTER(Cluster)   Frequency   Percent   Row Pct   Col Pct          1       2       3       4       5       6       7  Total   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Bream           0       0       0       0       0       0      34      34   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   21.66   21.66   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Roach           0       0       0      17       0       2       0      19   0.00    0.00    0.00   10.83    0.00    1.27    0.00   12.10   0.00    0.00    0.00   89.47    0.00   10.53    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   85.00    0.00    5.26    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Whitefish       3       0       0       3       0       0       0       6   1.91    0.00    0.00    1.91    0.00    0.00    0.00    3.82   50.00    0.00    0.00   50.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   13.04    0.00    0.00   15.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Parkki          0       0      11       0       0       0       0      11   0.00    0.00    7.01    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    7.01   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Perch          20       0       0       0       0      36       0      56   12.74    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   22.93    0.00   35.67   35.71    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   64.29    0.00   86.96    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   94.74    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Pike            0      17       0       0       0       0       0      17   0.00   10.83    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   10.83   0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Smelt           0       0       0       0      14       0       0      14   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    8.92    0.00    0.00    8.92   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Total           23       17       11       20       14       38       34      157   14.65    10.83     7.01    12.74     8.92    24.20    21.66   100.00  
end example
 

The following analysis (labeled ˜Approach 2') applies the cluster analysis directly to the original data. The following statements produce Output 66.1.5.

  /**********************************************************/   /*                                                        */   /*         Approach 2: data is untransformed              */   /*                                                        */   /**********************************************************/   title2 'Data is untransformed';   %FastFreq(fish);  
Output 66.1.5. Untransformed Data
start example
  Fish Measurement Data   Data is untransformed   The FREQ Procedure   Table of Species by CLUSTER   Species     CLUSTER(Cluster)   Frequency   Percent   Row Pct   Col Pct          1       2       3       4       5       6       7  Total   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Bream          13       0       0       0       0       0      21      34   8.28    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   13.38   21.66   38.24    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   61.76   44.83    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   47.73   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Roach           3       4       0       0      12       0       0      19   1.91    2.55    0.00    0.00    7.64    0.00    0.00   12.10   15.79   21.05    0.00    0.00   63.16    0.00    0.00   10.34   25.00    0.00    0.00   30.77    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Whitefish       3       0       0       0       0       0       3       6   1.91    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.91    3.82   50.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   50.00   10.34    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    6.82   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Parkki          2       3       0       0       6       0       0      11   1.27    1.91    0.00    0.00    3.82    0.00    0.00    7.01   18.18   27.27    0.00    0.00   54.55    0.00    0.00   6.90   18.75    0.00    0.00   15.38    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Perch           8       9       0       1      20       0      18      56   5.10    5.73    0.00    0.64   12.74    0.00   11.46   35.67   14.29   16.07    0.00    1.79   35.71    0.00   32.14   27.59   56.25    0.00    6.67   51.28    0.00   40.91   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Pike            0       0      10       0       1       4       2      17   0.00    0.00    6.37    0.00    0.64    2.55    1.27   10.83   0.00    0.00   58.82    0.00    5.88   23.53   11.76   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    2.56  100.00    4.55   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Smelt           0       0       0      14       0       0       0      14   0.00    0.00    0.00    8.92    0.00    0.00    0.00    8.92   0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   93.33    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Total           29       16       10       15       39        4       44      157   18.47    10.19     6.37     9.55    24.84     2.55    28.03   100.00  
end example
 

The following analysis (labeled ˜Approach 3') transforms the original data with the ACECLUS procedure and creates a TYPE=ACE output data set that is used as an input data set for the cluster analysis. The following statements produce Output 66.1.6.

  /**********************************************************/   /*                                                        */   /*     Approach 3: data is transformed by PROC ACECLUS    */   /*                                                        */   /**********************************************************/   title2 'Data is transformed by PROC ACECLUS';   proc aceclus data=fish out=ace p=.02 noprint;   var Length1 logLengthRatio Height Width Weight3;   run;   %FastFreq(ace);  
Output 66.1.6. Data Is Transformed by PROC ACECLUS
start example
  Fish Measurement Data   Data is transformed by PROC ACECLUS   The FREQ Procedure   Table of Species by CLUSTER   Species     CLUSTER(Cluster)   Frequency   Percent   Row Pct   Col Pct          1       2       3       4       5       6       7  Total   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Bream          13       0       0       0       0       0      21      34   8.28    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   13.38   21.66   38.24    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   61.76   44.83    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   47.73   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Roach           3       4       0       0      12       0       0      19   1.91    2.55    0.00    0.00    7.64    0.00    0.00   12.10   15.79   21.05    0.00    0.00   63.16    0.00    0.00   10.34   25.00    0.00    0.00   30.77    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Whitefish       3       0       0       0       0       0       3       6   1.91    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.91    3.82   50.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   50.00   10.34    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    6.82   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Parkki          2       3       0       0       6       0       0      11   1.27    1.91    0.00    0.00    3.82    0.00    0.00    7.01   18.18   27.27    0.00    0.00   54.55    0.00    0.00   6.90   18.75    0.00    0.00   15.38    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Perch           8       9       0       1      20       0      18      56   5.10    5.73    0.00    0.64   12.74    0.00   11.46   35.67   14.29   16.07    0.00    1.79   35.71    0.00   32.14   27.59   56.25    0.00    6.67   51.28    0.00   40.91   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Pike            0       0      10       0       1       4       2      17   0.00    0.00    6.37    0.00    0.64    2.55    1.27   10.83   0.00    0.00   58.82    0.00    5.88   23.53   11.76   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    2.56  100.00    4.55   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Smelt           0       0       0      14       0       0       0      14   0.00    0.00    0.00    8.92    0.00    0.00    0.00    8.92   0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   93.33    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Total           29       16       10       15       39        4       44      157   18.47    10.19     6.37     9.55    24.84     2.55    28.03   100.00  
end example
 

Table 66.4 displays a table summarizing each classification results. In this table, the first column represents the standardization method, the second column represents the number of clusters that the 7 species are classified into, and the third column represents the total number of observations that are misclassified.

Table 66.4: Summary of Clustering Results

Method of Standardization

Number of Clusters

Misclassification

MEAN

5

71

MEDIAN

5

71

SUM

6

51

EUCLEN

6

45

USTD

6

45

STD

5

33

RANGE

7

32

MIDRANGE

7

32

MAXABS

7

26

IQR

5

28

MAD

4

35

ABW(5)

6

34

AWAVE(5)

6

29

AGK(.14)

7

28

SPACING(.14)

7

25

L(1)

6

41

L(1.5)

5

33

L(2)

5

33

untransformed

5

71

PROC ACECLUS

5

71

Consider the results displayed in Output 66.1.1. In that analysis, the method of standardization is STD, and the number of clusters and the number of misclassifications are computed as shown in Table 66.5.

Output 66.1.1: Data Is Standardized by PROC STDIZE with METHOD=STD
start example
  Fish Measurement Data   Data is standardized by PROC STDIZE with METHOD= STD   The FREQ Procedure   Table of Species by CLUSTER   Species     CLUSTER(Cluster)   Frequency   Percent   Row Pct   Col Pct          1       2       3       4       5       6       7  Total   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Bream           0       0       0       0       0      34       0      34   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   21.66    0.00   21.66   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Roach           0       0       0       0       0       0      19      19   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   12.10   12.10   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   38.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Whitefish       0       2       0       1       0       0       3       6   0.00    1.27    0.00    0.64    0.00    0.00    1.91    3.82   0.00   33.33    0.00   16.67    0.00    0.00   50.00   0.00   10.53    0.00    7.69    0.00    0.00    6.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Parkki          0       0       0       0      11       0       0      11   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    7.01    0.00    0.00    7.01   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Perch           0      17       0      12       0       0      27      56   0.00   10.83    0.00    7.64    0.00    0.00   17.20   35.67   0.00   30.36    0.00   21.43    0.00    0.00   48.21   0.00   89.47    0.00   92.31    0.00    0.00   54.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Pike           17       0       0       0       0       0       0      17   10.83    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   10.83   100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Smelt           0       0      13       0       0       0       1      14   0.00    0.00    8.28    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.64    8.92   0.00    0.00   92.86    0.00    0.00    0.00    7.14   0.00    0.00  100.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00   ----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+   Total           17       19       13       13       11       34       50      157   10.83    12.10     8.28     8.28     7.01    21.66    31.85   100.00  
end example
 
Table 66.5: Computations of Numbers of Clusters and Misclassification When Standardization Method Is STD

Species

Cluster Number

Misclassification in Each Species

Bream

6

Roach

7

Whitefish

7

3

Parkki

5

Perch

7

29

Pike

1

Smelt

3

1

In Output 66.1.1, the Bream species is classified as cluster 6 since all 34 Bream fish are categorized into cluster 6 with no misclassification. A similar pattern is seen with the Roach, Parkki, Pike, and Smelt species.

For the Whitefish species, two fish are categorized into cluster 2, one fish is categorized into cluster 4, and three fish are categorized into cluster 7. Because the majority of this species is categorized into cluster 7, it is recorded in Table 66.5 as being classified as cluster 7 with 3 misclassifications. A similar pattern is seen with the Perch species: it is classified as cluster 7 with 29 misclassifications.

In summary, when the standardization method is STD, seven species of fish are classified into only 5 clusters and the total number of misclassified observations is 33.

The result of this analysis demonstrates that when variables are standardized by the STDIZE procedure with methods including RANGE, MIDRANGE, MAXABS, AGK(.14), and SPACING(.14), the FASTCLUS procedure produces the correct number of clusters and less misclassification than it does when other standardization methods are used. The SPACING method attains the best result, probably because the variables Length1 and Height both exhibit marked groupings (bimodality) in their distributions.




SAS.STAT 9.1 Users Guide (Vol. 6)
SAS.STAT 9.1 Users Guide (Vol. 6)
ISBN: N/A
EAN: N/A
Year: 2004
Pages: 127

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