Chapter 60: The PROBIT Procedure


Overview

The PROBIT procedure calculates maximum likelihood estimates of regression parameters and the natural (or threshold) response rate for quantal response data from biological assays or other discrete event data. This includes probit, logit, ordinal logistic, and extreme value (or gompit) regression models.

Probit analysis developed from the need to analyze qualitative (dichotomous or poly-tomous) dependent variables within the regression framework. Many response variables are binary by nature (yes/no), while others are measured ordinally rather than continuously (degree of severity). Collett (1991) and Agresti (1990), for example, have shown ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to be inadequate when the dependent variable is discrete. Probit or logit analyses are more appropriate in this case.

The PROBIT procedure computes maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters ² and C of the probit equation using a modified Newton-Raphson algorithm. When the response Y is binary, with values 0 and 1, the probit equation is

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where

²

is a vector of parameter estimates

F

is a cumulative distribution function (the normal, logistic, or extreme value)

x

is a vector of explanatory variables

p

is the probability of a response

C

is the natural (threshold) response rate

Notice that PROC PROBIT, by default, models the probability of the lower response levels. The choice of the distribution function F (normal for the probit model, logistic for the logit model, and extreme value or Gompertz for the gompit model) determines the type of analysis. For most problems, there is relatively little difference between the normal and logistic specifications of the model. Both distributions are symmetric about the value zero. The extreme value (or Gompertz) distribution, however, is not symmetric, approaching 0 on the left more slowly than it approaches 1 on the right. You can use the extreme value distribution where such asymmetry is appropriate.

For ordinal response models, the response, Y, of an individual or an experimental unit may be restricted to one of a (usually small) number, k + 1( k 1), of ordinal values, denoted for convenience by 1, , k, k + 1. For example, the severity of coronary disease can be classified into three response categories as 1=no disease, 2=angina pectoris, and 3=myocardial infarction. The PROBIT procedure fits a common slopes cumulative model, which is a parallel lines regression model based on the cumulative probabilities of the response categories rather than on their individual probabilities. The cumulative model has the form

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where ± 2 , , ± k are k ˆ’ 1 intercept parameters. By default, the covariate vector x contains an overall intercept term .

You can set or estimate the natural (threshold) response rate C . Estimation of C can begin either from an initial value that you specify or from the rate observed in a control group . By default, the natural response rate is fixed at zero.

An observation in the data set analyzed by the PROBIT procedure may contain the response and explanatory values for one subject. Alternatively, it may provide the number of observed events from a number of subjects at a particular setting of the explanatory variables. In this case, PROC PROBIT models the probability of an event.




SAS.STAT 9.1 Users Guide (Vol. 5)
SAS.STAT 9.1 Users Guide (Vol. 5)
ISBN: N/A
EAN: N/A
Year: 2004
Pages: 98

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