In this appendix, you'll find a fairly thorough reference on Unix commands and flags as well as examples and descriptions of each. We organized this appendix to generally parallel the book, so that you can easily reference key commands and related flags without being overwhelmed with long lists of commands. Table A.a summarizes what you'll find in this appendix. Table A.a. Summary of Appendix TablesTABLE NUMBER | DESCRIPTION |
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Table A.1 | Getting Started with Unix | Table A.2 | Using Directories and Files | Table A.3 | Working with Your Shell | Table A.4 | Creating and Editing Files | Table A.5 | Controlling File Ownership and Permissions | Table A.6 | Manipulating Files | Table A.7 | Getting Information About Your System | Table A.8 | Configuring Your Unix Environment | Table A.9 | Running Scripts and Programs | Table A.10 | Writing Basic Scripts | Table A.11 | Sending and Reading Email | Table A.12 | Accessing the Internet | Table A.13 | Working with Encoded and Compressed Files | Table A.14 | Installing Software | Table A.15 | Using Handy Utilities |
Tables A.1A.15 contain commands and flags that relate to the topics covered by the similarly numbered chapter (Chapters 16 and 17 do not introduce many new commands, so the commands from those chapters are included with similar commands in the other appendixes). In addition to the commands and flags discussed in the chapters, you'll also find related commands and options that you might find useful in your Unix adventures, reference information that will jog your memory, and ideas to help you get off and running on additional projects. If you're looking for a thorough command flag reference, check out Appendix C. Table A.1. Getting Started with Unix: Survival SkillsCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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apropos keyword | Find appropriate man pages for keyword. | cat file | Display file contents onscreen or provide file contents to standard output. | cat file1 file2 | Display file1 and file2. | cd | Return to your home directory from anywhere in the Unix system. | cd .. | Move up one level in the directory tree. | cd /etc | Change to the /etc directory relative to the system root. | cd ~/subdir | Use a tilde (~) as a handy shortcut for your home directory. | cd Projects | Move to the Projects directory relative to the current directory. | col -b | Filter backspaces and reverse line feeds out of input. Use to make man pages editable without odd formatting. | | Close your current process (often a shell) and your Unix session if you close the login shell. | exit | Close your current shell and your Unix session if you're in the login shell. | less file | Use to view file screen by screen. | logout | Close your Unix session. | ls | List files and directories. | ls / | List the files and directories in the root directory. | ls directory | List the files and directories in directory. | ls -a | List all files and directories, including hidden ones. | ls -c | List files and directories by modification date. | ls -l | List files and directories in long format, with extra information. | ls -lh | List files and directories in long format, with extra information and human readable sizes. | man 5 command | View the specified section (5) of the man pages for command. Sometimes used as man -s 5 command. | man command | View the manual (help) pages for command. | man -k keyword | Find appropriate man pages for keyword. | more filetoview | View filetoview screen by screen. | passwd | Change your password. | pwd | Display the path and name of the directory you are currently in. | reset | Reset the shell to fix display problems. | stty sane | Try to fix unexpected, sudden, and strange display problems. | su - yourid | Relog in without having to log out. | su | Become the root user. | sudo command | Run command with the authority of the root user. |
Table A.2. Using Directories and FilesCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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cp existingfile newfile | Copy existingfile to a file named newfile. | cp -i existingfile oldfile | Copy existingfile to a file named newfile, prompting you before overwriting existing files. | cp -r /Projects /shared/Projects | Copy the directory /Projects to the new name /shared/Projects, specifying recursive copy. | find . -name lostfile -print | Find a file or directory in the current directory or subdirectories named lostfile. | find /home -name "pending*" -print | Find all files or directories with names starting with "pending" in the home directory or subdirectories. | find /home/shared -mtime -3 -print | Find all files or directories in the shared directory that were modified within the past three days. | find ~ -name '*.backup' -exec compress {} \; | Compress all files in the home directory with names containing ".backup," without confirmation. | find ~ -name '*.backup' -ok rm {} \; | Find and remove, with confirmation, all files in the home directory whose names end with ".backup". | ln /home/a /home/b | Hard link all of the files in the a directory to the files in the b directory. | ln afile alink | Link afile and alink, making the same file essentially exist in two different directories. | ln -s /home/deb/Projects /home/helper/Project | Create a soft link from /home/deb/Projects to /home/helper/Project. | locate string | Locate files with string in their names. | mkdir Newdirectory | Make a new directory named Newdirectory. | mv existingfile newfile | Rename existingfile to newfile. | mv -i oldfile newfile | Rename oldfile to newfile, requiring the system to prompt you before overwriting (destroying) existing files. | rm badfile | Remove badfile. | rm -i * | Delete interactively, with prompting before deletion. Good for files with problematic names that Unix thinks are command flags. | rm -i badfile | Remove badfile interactively. | rm -ir dan* | Interactively remove all the directories or files that start with "dan" in the current directory and all of the files and subdirectories in the subdirectories starting with "dan". | rmdir Yourdirectory | Remove the empty directory Yourdirectory. | touch newfile | Create a file named newfile with no content. | touch -t 200112312359 oldfile | Update file date for oldfile to December 31, 23 hours, and 59 minutes in 2001. | which command | Find out the full path to command. This is valuable for seeing which of multiple commands with the same name would be executed. | whereis file | Find out the full path to file and related files. |
Table A.3. Working with Your ShellCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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!10 | Rerun command 10 from the history list in csh or zsh. | bash | Start a bash subshell or run a bash script. | chsh | Change your shell. | csh | Start a csh (C) subshell or run a csh shell script. | echo $SHELL | Display the value of the $SHELL environment variable. | exit | Leave the current shell and return to the previous one, or log out of the login shell. | history | View a numbered list of previous commands. | ksh | Start a ksh (Korn) subshell or run a ksh shell script. | r 2 | Repeat a specific command in ksh from the history output (in this case command 2). | set -o emacs | Enable command completion with emacs commands in the ksh shell. | set -o vi | Enable command completion with vi commands in the ksh shell. | sh | Start a sh (Bourne) subshell or run a sh shell script. | stty erase '^?' | Make erase characters to the left of the cursor. | stty erase '^H' | Make erase characters to the left of the cursor. Type stty erase then press . | su - yourid | Start a new login shell as yourid. | su user | Switch user to user. | tcsh | Start a tcsh subshell or run a tcsh shell script. | zsh | Start a zsh subshell or run a zsh shell script. |
Table A.4. Creating and Editing FilesCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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ed | Choose a line-oriented text editor. | emacs | Choose a tremendously powerful, somewhat easy to use text editor. | emacs -n | Open emacs and force a terminal-window- (not graphical window-) oriented session. | emacs filename | Open emacs and edit filename. | joe | Choose a fairly friendly editor. | pico | Choose for menu-oriented, user-friendly text editing. | pico filename | Open and edit filename in pico. | pico -w filename | Disable word wrapping for filename in pico. This is particularly useful for configuration files. | vi | Choose a powerful editor with lots of power but little ease of use. | vi filename | Open and edit filename in vi. |
Table A.5. Controlling File Ownership and PermissionsCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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chgrp | Change the group association of files or directories. | chgrp groupname filename | Change the group association of filename to groupname. | chgrp -R group directory | Recursively change the group association of directory and all subdirectories and files within it to group. | chmod | Change the permissions for a file or directory. | chmod a-w file | Remove write permission for file for all (everyone). | chmod g+w file | Add write permission for file for the owning group. | chmod -R go-rwx * | Revoke all permissions from everyone except the user for all files in the current directory and all subdirectories and their contents. | chmod u=rwx, g=rx, o=r file | Set the permissions on file to user read, write, and execute, group read and write, and others read. | chmod ugo= * | Revoke all permissions for everything in the current directory from everyone. | chown | Change the ownership of files or directories. | chown -R user Directory | Recursively change the ownership of Directory and all contents to user. | chown user file | Change the ownership of file to user. | umask 022 | Specify the default permissions for all created files. |
Table A.6. Manipulating FilesCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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awk | Manipulate a file as a database. | awk /CA/'{ print $2 $1 $7 }' file | Select (and display) three fields in each record in file on lines that contain "CA". | awk '{ print $1 }' file | Select (and display) the first field in each record in file. | awk -f script.awk file | Run an awk command from a script called script.awk on file. | awk -F, '{ print $1 }' file > newfile | Select the first field in each record in file, specifying that a "," separates fields, and redirect the output to newfile. | awk -F: '{ print $2 "" $1 "in" $7 }' file | Select (and display) several fields and some text for each record in file, using a colon (:) as a field delimiter. | basename | Remove the path from a filename, leaving only the name proper. Good to use in scripts to display just a filename. | cmp newfile oldfile | Compare newfile to oldfile. | crypt | Encrypt or decrypt a password-protected file. | csplit | Divide files based on line number or other characteristics. | diff -b newfile oldfile | Find differences (ignoring white space) between newfile and oldfile. | diff Directory Newdirectory | Find differences between Directory and Newdirectory. | diff -i newfile oldfile | Find differences (except in case) between newfile and oldfile. | diff -iBw file1 file2 | Find all differences between file1 and file2 except those involving blank lines, spaces, tabs, or lowercase/uppercase letters. | diff newfile oldfile | Find the differences between newfile and oldfile. | diff -w newfile oldfile | Find differences (ignoring spaces) between newfile and oldfile. | fmt file | Reformat file so it has even lines and a nicer appearance. | fold -w 60 file | Reformat file so no lines exceed a specified length (60 characters here). | grep expression file | Find expression in file and view the lines containing expression. | grep -c expression file | Count how many times expression appears in file. | grep -i expression file | Find all lines containing expression in file, using any capitalization (case-insensitive). | grep -n expression file | Display each found line and a line number. | grep 'Nantucket$' limerick* | Find the lines in the limerick files that end with "Nantucket". | grep -v expression file | Find all lines in file that do not contain expression. | grep '^[A-Z, a-z]' limerick | Find all the lines in limerick that start with any letter, but not with a number or symbol. | grep '^[A-Z]' limerick | Find all the lines in limerick that start with a capital letter. | grep '^There' limerick* | Find all the lines in the limerick files that start with "There". | grep -5 'word[1234]' file | Find word1, word2, word3, or word4 in file and view the surrounding five lines as well as the lines containing the words. | head -20 file | View the first 20 lines of file. | head file | View the first 10 lines of file. | pr file | Reformat file for printing, complete with headers and footers. | pr -columns=2 file | Reformat file for printing, complete with headers and footers and two columns. | sdiff newfile oldfile | View the differences between newfile and oldfile. | sdiff -s newfile oldfile | View the differences between newfile and oldfile, without showing identical lines. | sed | Make changes throughout a file according to command-line input or a sed script. | sed '/old/new/g' file.htm > file.htm | Search through file.htm and replace every occurrence of "old" with "new". | sed -f script.sed file > file.new; mv Run the commands in script.sed, apply them to file, and replace file with the manipulated content. | split b 500k file | Split file into 500 KB chunks. | sort file | uniq | Sort file and send it to uniq to eliminate duplicates. | sort file > sortedfile | Sort the lines in file alphabetically and present the sorted results in sortedfile. | sort file1 | tee sorted | mail boss@raycomm.com | Sort file1 and, with tee, send it both to the file sorted and to standard output, where it gets mailed to the boss. | sort file1 file2 | uniq -d | Sort file1 and file2 together and find all the lines that are duplicated. | sort file1 file2 file3 > bigfile | Sort and combine the contents of file1, file2, and file3 and put the sorted output in bigfile. | sort -n file | Sort file numerically. | sort -t, +2 file | Sort on the third (really) field in the comma-delimited file. | sort -t, file | Sort fields in the comma-delimited file; the character following -t (, ) indicates the delimiter. | spell file | Check the spelling of all words in file. Returns a list of possibly misspelled words. | tail -15 file | View the last 15 lines of file. | tail file | View the last 10 lines of file. | tidy file.html | Clean file.html to make it "good" HTML, and optionally also easier to read and maintain. | TR A-Za-z a-zA-Z < file | Change uppercase to lowercase and lowercase to uppercase. | uniq | Use with sorted files to eliminate duplicate lines. | wc -b file | Count the bytes in file. | wc file | Count the lines, words, and bytes in file. | wc -l file | Count the lines in file. | wc -w file | Count the words in file. |
Table A.7. Getting Information About the SystemCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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df | See what file systems are mounted where, and how much space is used and available. | df /usr/local/src | Find out where /usr/local/src is mounted and how much space is available on it. | df -k /home | View the file system for /home with the usage reported in 1 KB, not 512-byte, blocks. | df -h /home | View the file system for /home with the usage reported in human-readable terms. | du | Get information about disk usage in the current directory as well as in all subdirectories. | du /home | Get information about disk usage in the /home directory. | du -k | Get information about disk usage, measured in 1 KB blocks. | du -h | Get information about disk usage, displayed in human-readable terms. | file /usr/bin/pico | Find out the file type of /usr/bin/pico. | finger | See who else is logged into the system and get a little information about them. | finger @stc.org | Find out who is logged into the stc.org system. | finger ejr | Get information about user ejr on your system. | finger ejray@xmission.com | Get information about user ejray@xmission.com. | id | Find out the numeric value of your userid and what groups (by name and numeric userid value) you belong to. | id otheruser | Check someone else's status to find out what groups they're in. | quota | Find out if you're over quota. | quota -v | View your current quota settings and space usage. | uname | Use to find out what kind of Unix system | uname -a | Print all system information, including the Unix system type, host name, version, and hardware. | uname -sr | Find both the system type and release level. | watch | Monitor a file or other data for changes. | w | Get information about other users on the system and what | who | Get information about the other users on the system. | whoami | Find out what userid you're currently logged in as. |
Table A.8. Configuring Your Unix EnvironmentCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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alias ourterm="longhonking command -w -many flags arguments
| Create the alias ourterm to substitute for the command longhonking command -w-many -flags arguments. | set | Find out what environment variables are set and their current values in zsh, bash, and ksh. | set VARIABLE="long value" | Use in csh to set the value of VARIABLE with spaces or special characters in it. | set VARIABLE=value | Use in csh to set VARIABLE to value. | setenv | Use in csh to find out what environment variables are set and their current values. | setenv VARIABLE value | Use in csh to make the VARIABLE available to other scripts in the current shell. | VARIABLE="long value" | Use in zsh, bash, and ksh to set the value of VARIABLE with spaces or special characters in it. | VARIABLE=value | Use in zsh, bash, and ksh to set the VARIABLE to value. | export VARIABLE | Use in zsh, bash, and ksh to make the value of VARIABLE available to other scripts. |
Table A.9. Running Scripts and ProgramsCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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at 01:01 1 Jan 2004 | Schedule a job or jobs to run at 01:01 on January 1, 2004. | at 01/01/04 | Schedule a job to run on 1/1/04. | at 3:42am | Schedule a job to run at 3:42 a.m. | at noon tomorrow | Schedule a job to run at noon tomorrow. | at now + 3 weeks | Schedule a job to run in three weeks. | at teatime | Schedule a job to run at 4 p.m. | atq | Review jobs in the at queue. | atrm 3 | Remove the specified queued job (3, in this case). | batch | Schedule jobs to run when system load permits. | bg | Run the most recently suspended or controlled job in the background. | bg %2 | Run job 2 in the background. | crontab -e | Edit your crontab in the default editor to schedule regular processes or jobs. | | Suspend a running job, program, or process. | fg | Run the most recently suspended or controlled job in the foreground. | fg 1 | Run job 1 in the foreground. | jobs | See a list of the currently controlled jobs. | kill %ftp | Kill a job by name or job number. | kill 16217 | Kill process number 16217. | kill -9 16217 | Kill process 16217; the -9 flag lets you kill processes that a regular kill won't affect. | nice | Run a job "nicely"slower and with less of an impact on the system and other users. | | Bigger numbers are nicer, up to 19. 10 is the default. | nice -n 19 slowscript | Run slowscript nicely with a priority of 19. | pkill badjob | Kill the process called badjob. | ps | View the list of current processes that you're running | ps -e | View all processes, including those from other users. | ps -f | View processes and their interrelationships (the forest view). | ps -x | View the processes that the system itself is running (also called daemons). | renice 19 processid-of Run slowscript more nicely (change the niceness) with a priority of 19. | time script | Time how long it takes (in real time and system time) to run script. | top | Monitor system load and processes in real time. |
Table A.10. Writing Basic ScriptsCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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break | Use in a shell script to skip the rest of the commands in the loop and restart at the beginning of the loop. | case ... in ... esac | Use in a shell script to perform separate actions for a variety of cases. | clear | Clear the screen. | continue | | echo | Display a statement or the value of an environment variable onscreen. | echo "Your shell is $SHELL" | Display "Your shell is" and the name of your shell onscreen. | echo -e "\tA Tab Stop" | Move one tab stop to the right and print "A Tab Stop" on the screen. | for ... do ... done | Use in a shell script with conditions and commands to specify a loop to occur repeatedly. | getopts | Use in a shell script to read flags from the command line. | if ... then ... else ... fi | Use in a script (with conditions and commands) to set a conditional process. | read variable | Use in a script to get input (the variable) from the terminal. | sh -x script | Execute script and require the script to display each command line as it is executed. | sleep 4h5m25s | Pause for 4 hours, 5 minutes, and 25 seconds here. | sleep 5s | Pause for 5 seconds. | test | Use in a script to check to see if a given statement is true. | test expression | See if expression is true or falseusually used with conditional statements. | while ... do ... done | Use in a shell script to perform a loop only while the condition is true. |
Table A.11. Sending and Reading EmailCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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elm | Start the elm mail program and read, respond to, or send email. | elm unixvqs2@raycomm.com | Start a new elm mail message to unixvqs2@raycomm.com. | elm unixvqs2@raycomm.com,info@raycomm.com | Start a new elm mail message to unixvqs2@raycomm.com and info@raycomm.com. | mail | Start the mail program. (Use pine or mutt rather than mail if possible.) | mail unixvqs2@raycomm.com < file | Send file to unixvqs2@raycomm.com. | mail unixvqs2@raycomm.com -s "For you!" < file | Send file to unixvqs2@raycomm.com with the subject "For you!". | mail unixvqs2@raycomm.com | Start a simple mail message to unixvqs2@raycomm.com. | mail unixvqs2@raycomm.com,info@raycomm.com | Start a simple mail message to unixvqs2@raycomm.com and info@raycomm.com. | mutt | Start the mutt mail program and read, respond to, or send email. | mutt unixvqs2@raycomm.com | Start a new mutt mail message to unixvqs2@raycomm.com. | mutt unixvqs2@raycomm.com -a file.tgz | Start a new mutt mail message to unixvqs2@raycomm.com and attach file.tgz. | mutt unixvqs2@raycomm.com,info@raycomm.com | Start a new mutt mail message to unixvqs2@raycomm.com and info@raycomm.com. | pine | Start the pine mail program and read, respond to, or send email, or to read Usenet newsgroups. | pine unixvqs2@raycomm.com,info@raycomm.com | Start a pine mail message to unixvqs2@raycomm.com and info@raycomm.com. | pine user@raycomm.com | Start a pine mail message to user@raycomm.com. | procmail | Filter and sort mail according to a "recipe." Run from the .forward file or automatically by the system. | vacation | Initialize vacation and edit the message template. | vacation -I | Start vacation and tell it to respond to incoming messages. | vacation -j | Start vacation and automatically respond to all messages. |
Table A.12. Accessing the InternetCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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dig @nameserver.some.net www.raycomm.com | Look up the name www.raycomm.com from the name server nameserver.some.net. | dig x 192.168.12.52 | Look up the name corresponding to the IP number 192.168.12.52. | ftp ftp.raycomm.com | Transfer files to or from ftp.raycomm.com using the FTP protocol. | irc wazoo irc.netcom.com | Connect to the irc server at irc.netcom.com and use the nickname wazoo. | links | Start the links Web browser. | links http://www.google.com/ | Start the links Web browser at http://www.google.com/. | lynx -dump http://url.com > newname.txt | Get a spiffy plain text file named newname.txt out of an HTML document from http://url.com. | lynx | Start the lynx Web browser. | lynx http://www.yahoo.com/ | Start the lynx Web browser on http://www.yahoo.com/. | mesg n | Refuse talk and write messages. | mesg y | Accept talk and write messages. | nn | Read Usenet news. | nslookup www.raycomm.com Look up the name www.raycomm.com from the name server nameserver.some.net. | nslookup www.raycomm.com | Look up the IP number for the host www.raycomm.com. | ping www.raycomm.com | Test the connection to the host www.raycomm.com. | rn | Read Usenet news. | ssh somewhere.com | Securely connect to and use a computer on the Internet named somewhere.com. | slrn | Read Usenet news. | talk deb | Talk interactively with the owner of the ID deb. | talk id@wherever.com | Talk interactively with a user id the system wherever.com. | telnet somewhere.com | Connect to and use a computer on the Internet named somewhere.com. | tin | Read Usenet news. | tin comp.unix.userfriendly | Read Usenet news from the comp.unix.userfriendly group. | tn3270 library.wherever.edu | Connect to a host computer named library.wherever.edu that uses an IBM-mainframe-type operating system, like many library card catalogs. | TRaceroute www.yahoo.com | Identify the computers and other devices between you and the host www.yahoo.com. | traceroute -n hostname | Check the path to hostname without resolving the intervening host names for faster results. | trn | Read Usenet news. | trn comp.unix.shell | Read Usenet news from the comp.unix.shell group. | wall | Send a write-type message to all users on the system. | wget http://www.example.com/ | Download the file found at http://www.example.com/. | wget r l 2 http://www.example.com/ | Download the files found at http://www.example.com/ for two levels down in the Web structure. | write otherid | Send a message to the user otherid on the same system. |
Table A.13. Working with Encoded and Compressed FilesCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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compress -c file.tar > file.tar.Z | Compress file.tar under the same name with a .Z ending while retaining the original file. | compress file.tar | Compress file.tar. The named file will be replaced with a file of same name ending with .Z. | gunzip archive.tar.gz | Uncompress (un-gzip) archive.tar.gz. Including .gz on the end of the filename is optional. | gzip archive.tar | Gzip (compress) archive.tar. The zipped file will replace the unzipped version and will have a new .gz extension | gzip -c filetogzip > compressed.gz | Gzip filetogzip and keep a copy of the original, unzipped file. | gzip -d | Uncompress (un-gzip) a file. Including .gz on the end of the filename is optional. | tar -cf newfile.tar Directory | Create a new tar archive containing all of the files and directories in Directory. | tar -czf newfile.tgz Directory | Create a new gzipped tar archive containing all of the files and directories in Directory. | tar -v | Add the -v flag to tar for a verbose description of what is happening. | tar -xf archive.tar "*file*" | Extract the files with names containing "file" from the tar archive. | tar -xf archive.tar | Extract the contents of archive.tar. | tar -xzf archive.tgz | Uncompress and extract the contents of archive.tgz. | uncompress archive.tar.Z | Uncompress archive.tar.Z, resulting in a file of the same name but without the .Z ending. | uncompress -c archive.tar.Z > archive.tar | Uncompress archive.tar.Z and retain the original file. | unzip zipped | Unzip zipped without specifying the extension. | uudecode file.uue | Uudecode file.uue. | uuencode afile.jpg a.jpg > tosend.uue | Uuencode afile.jpg and a.jpg and save the encoded output as tosent.uue. | uuencode -m | Use uuencode with the -m flag to specify base64 encoding, if your version of uuencode supports it. | gzcat archive.gz | more | Uncompress (on the fly without deleting the original) archive.gz to read the contents. | zip zipped file | Create a new zip file named zipped from file. | yencode file | Create a new yencoded file from file. |
Table A.14. Installing SoftwareCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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make | Set up, link, and compile new programs. | make clean | Clear out the garbage from a messed-up installation before you try again. | make install | Complete installation of new programs. |
Table A.15. Using Handy UtilitiesCOMMAND | DESCRIPTION |
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bc | Use a calculator to add, subtract, multiply, divide, and more. | bc bcfile | Do the calculations specified in bcfile, then more calculations from the command line. | expr | Evaluate mathematical or logical expressions. | cal | View the current month's calendar. | cal 12 1941 | View the calendar for December 1941. | cal 1999 | View the calendar for 1999. | cal -j | View the Julian calendar. | calendar | View reminders for the current date, read from the file ~/calendar. | fortune | Display a fortune, saying, quotation, or whatever happens to come up. | ispell gudspeler | Interactively spell-check the gudspeler file. | look | Look up a word in the system dictionary. | lp | Print a file. | rsync file backupfile | Remotely synchronize (copy) file to backupfile. | script | Record your actions in a file called typescript in the current directory. | script covermybutt | Record your actions in the file covermybutt. | units | Convert from one kind of unit to another. |
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