| . | Executes program in context of current process; same as source . |
| . file | The dot command reads and executes command from file. |
| : | Do-nothing command; returns 0 exit status. |
| alias | Lists and creates "nicknames" for existing commands. |
| bg | Puts a job in the background. |
| bind | Displays current key and function bindings, or binds keys to a readline function or macro. [a] |
| break | Breaks out of the innermost loop. |
| break [n] | See "The break Command" on page 919. |
| builtin [sh “builtin [args]] | Runs a shell built-in, passing it args, and returning 0 exit status. Useful if a function and built-in have the same name . [a] |
| cd [arg] | Changes the directory to home if no arg or to value of arg. |
| command command [arg] | Runs a command even if a function has the same name (i.e., bypasses function lookup). [a] |
| continue [n] | See "The continue Command" on page 920. |
| declare [var] | Displays all variables or declares variables with optional attributes. [a] |
| dirs | Displays a list of currently remembered directories resulting from pushd . |
| disown | Removes an active job from the job table. |
| echo [args] | Displays args terminated with a newline. |
| enable | Enables and disables shell built-in commands. [a] |
| eval [args] | Reads args as input to the shell and executes the resulting command(s). |
| exec command | Runs command in place of this shell. |
| exit [n] | Exits the shell with status n . |
| export [var] | Makes var known to subshells. |
| fc | History 's fix command for editing history commands. |
| fg | Puts background job into foreground. |
| getopts | Parses and processes command-line options. |
| hash | Controls the internal hash table for quicker searches for commands. |
| help [command] | Displays helpful info about built-in commands and, if command is specified, detailed help about that built-in command. [a] |
| history | Displays the history list with line numbers . |
| jobs | Lists jobs put in the background. |
| kill [ “signal process] | Sends the signal to the PID number or job number of the process. Type kill “l for a list of signals. |
| let | Used for evaluating arithmetic expressions and assigning results of arithmetic calculations to variables. |
| local | Used in functions to restrict the scope of variables to the function. |
| logout | Exits the login shell. |
| popd | Removes entries from the directory stack. |
| pushd | Adds entries to the directory stack. |
| pwd | Prints present working directory. |
| read [var] | Reads line from standard input into variable var . |
| readonly [var] | Makes variable var read-only. Cannot be reset. |
| return [n] | Returns from a function where n is the exit value given to the return. |
| set | Sets options and positional parameters. See Table 14.2 on page 875. |
| shift [n] | Shifts positional parameters to the left n times. |
| stop pid | Halts execution of the process number PID. |
| suspend | Stops execution of the current shell (but not if a login shell). |
| test | Checks file types and evaluates conditional expressions. |
| times | Prints accumulated user and system times for processes run from this shell. |
| trap [arg] [n] | When shell receives signal n (0, 1, 2, or 15), executes arg . |
| type [command] | Prints the type of command (e.g., pwd is a built-in shell command). |
| typeset | Same as declare . Sets variables and gives them attributes. |
| ulimit | Displays and sets process resource limits. |
| umask [octal digits] | Sets user file creation mode mask for owner, group , and others. |
| unalias | Unsets aliases. |
| unset [name] | Unsets value of variable or function. |
| wait [pid#n] | Waits for background process with PID number n and reports termination status. |
