& (ampersand)
combining VBA text strings with, 1100, 1114
concatenating text values with, 402–403
consecutive line breaks in VBA, 1133
input mask character, 871
using with Null fields, 920
‘(apostrophe, single quotation mark)
adding in closed workbook reference, 401
aligning Excel text with, 358, 359
preceding VBA comment lines with, 1080
* (asterisk)
multiplication operator, 393, 921, 923
record indicator icon, 946
wildcard character, 869
\ (backslash)
displaying following character as literal, 871
operator precedence of, 923
repeating characters, 358, 359
[] (brackets)
indicating relative cell reference with, 397–398
placed around field names in expressions, 918
use in structured reference syntax, 423–424
^ (caret)
aligning Excel text with, 358, 359
exponentiation and precedence order, 923
used in arithmetic expressions, 921
: (colon)
range operator in structured references, 424
using with Line Labels, 1125
, (comma)
separating arguments with, 424
thousands separator, 871
union operator in structured references, 424
using in Excel, 354
. (decimal points)
input mask placeholder, 871
using in Excel, 354, 356
$ (dollar sign), 354
“(double quotation marks)
enclosing strings with, 868, 871, 1093
omitted around VBA constants, 1133
specifying values for VBA arguments in, 1098
= (equal to) operator
as comparative operator, 869
as logical operator, 444
starting formula with, 353
! (exclamation point), 871
/ (forward slash)
division operator, 393, 921, 923
fractions in Excel, 355
> (greater than) sign
input mask character, 871
as operator, 444, 869
>= (greater than or equal to) operator, 444, 869
< (less than) sign
input mask character, 871
less than operator, 444, 869
<= (less than or equal to) operator, 444, 869
− (minus) sign
starting formula with, 353
subtraction operator, 393, 921, 923
<> (not equal to) operator, 444, 869, 1113
# (number sign)
input mask character, 870
single-digit wildcard character, 869
truncated data indicated with multiple, 356
() (parentheses)
added in functions automatically, 404
including in expressions, 926
negative constants in Excel, 354
placement of, 394
specifying values for VBA arguments in, 1098
surrounding function arguments with, 456
% (percentage sign), 355
+ (plus sign)
addition operator, 393, 921, 923
concatenating strings with, 920
expanding outlines, 244
starting formula with, 353
subdatasheet and data expansion with, 941, 943–946
? (question mark)
input mask character, 870
wildcard character, 869
_ (underscore), 871, 872
0 input mask character, 870
3-D formulas, 419–420
3-D names, 414–415
3-D objects, 974–975
3-D references, 419, 420
9 input mask character, 870