Many systems can be modeled as multiple-input /multiple-output (MIMO) systems, where the signals observed are superpositions of several linearly distorted signals from different sources. Examples of MIMO systems include space-division multiple access (SDMA) in wireless communications, speech processing, seismic exploration, and some biological systems. The problem of blind source separation for MIMO systems with unknown parameters is of fundamental importance and its solutions find wide applications in many areas. Recently, there has been much interest in solving this problem, and there are primarily two approaches: an approach based on second-order statistics [5, 99, 470, 495], and an approach based on the constant- modulus algorithm [218, 261, 494]. In this section we treat the problem of blind adaptive signal separation in MIMO channels using the SMC method outlined in Section 8.5. The application of SMC technique to blind equalization of single- user ISI channels with single transmit and receive antennas was first treated in [276] and then generalized to multiuser MIMO channels in [543]. 8.6.1 System DescriptionConsider an SDMA communications system with K users. The k th user transmits data symbols { b k [ i ]} i in the same frequency band at the same time, where b k [ i ] W and W is a signal constellation set. The receiver employs an antenna array consisting of P antenna elements. The signal received at the p th antenna element is the superposition of the convolutively distorted signals from all users plus the ambient noise, given by Equation 8.107
where , L is the length of the channel dispersion in terms of number of symbols, and
Denote
Then (8.107) can be written as Equation 8.108
We now look at the problem of online estimation of the multiuser symbols
and the channels H based on the received signals up to time i , . Assume that the multiuser symbol streams are i.i.d. uniformly a priori , [i.e., p ( b k [ i ] = a l W ) = 1/ W ]. Denote
Then the problem becomes one of making Bayesian inference with respect to the posterior density Equation 8.109
For example, an online multiuser symbol estimation can be obtained from the marginal posterior distribution and an online channel state estimation can be obtained from the marginal posterior distribution p ( H Y [ i ]). Although the joint distribution (8.109) can be written out explicitly up to a normalizing constant, the computation of the corresponding marginal distributions involves very high dimensional integration and is infeasible in practice. Our approach to this problem is the sequential Monte Carlo technique. 8.6.2 SMC Blind Adaptive Equalizer for MIMO ChannelsFor simplicity, assume that the noise variance s 2 is known. The SMC principle suggests the following basic approach to the blind MIMO signal separation problem discussed above. At time i , draw m random samples,
from some trial distribution q ( ·). Then update the important weights according to (8.97). The a posteriori symbol probability of each user can then be estimated as Equation 8.110
with
for a l W , where I ( ·) is an indicator function such that I ( b [ i ] = a l ) = 1 if b [ i ] = a l and I ( b [ i ] = a l ) = 0 otherwise . Following the discussions above, the trial distribution is chosen to be Equation 8.111
and the importance weight is updated according to Equation 8.112
We next specify the computation of the two predictive densities (8.111) and (8.112). Assume that the channel g p has an a priori Gaussian distribution: Equation 8.113
Then the conditional distribution of g p , conditioned on X [ i ] and Y [ i ] can be computed as Equation 8.114
where Equation 8.115
Equation 8.116
Hence the predictive density in (8.112) is given by Equation 8.117
where Equation 8.118
Note that the above is an integral of a Gaussian pdf with respect to another Gaussian pdf. The resulting distribution is still Gaussian: Equation 8.119
with mean and variance given, respectively, by Equation 8.120
Equation 8.121
Therefore, (8.117) becomes Equation 8.122
with Equation 8.123
The filtering density in (8.111) can be computed as follows : Equation 8.124
Note that the a posteriori mean and covariance of the channel in (8.115) and (8.116) can be updated recursively as follows. At time i , after a new sample of is drawn, we combine it with the past samples b [ i - 1] to form b [ i ]. Let m p [ i ] and be the quantities computed by (8.120) and (8.121) for the imputed . It then follows from the matrix inversion lemma that (8.115) and (8.116) become Equation 8.125
Equation 8.126
with Equation 8.127
Finally, we summarize the SMC-based blind adaptive equalizer in MIMO channels as follows: Algorithm 8.11: [SMC-based blind adaptive equalizer in MIMO channels]
Equation 8.128
Equation 8.129
Equation 8.130
with .
Equation 8.131
As an example, we consider a single-user system with single transmit and single receive antenna and with channel length L = 4. In Fig. 8.9 we plot the channel estimates as a function of time by the SMC adaptive equalizer. It is seen that the channel can be tracked quickly. Note that, in general, when multiple users and/or multiple antennas are present, there is an ambiguity problem associated with any blind methods , which can be resolved by periodically inserting a certain pattern of pilot symbols. For more discussions on the SMC blind adaptive equalizer, see [276, 277]. Note also that it is possible (and sometimes desirable) to make an inference of the current symbols based on both the current and future observations, Y [ i + D ] for some D > 0 [i.e., to make an inference with respect to p ( Y [ i + D ])] [76, 542]. Called delayed estimation , such approaches are elaborated in Chapter 9. Moreover, when K is large, the choice of sampling density p ( = W k ) becomes computationally expensive. It is possible to devise more efficient trial sampling density. Figure 8.9. Convergence of the SMC blind adaptive equalizer.
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