Tables

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Through the course of this book, I have included a handful of tables of useful information. In this appendix, I combine these tables in one location as a convenient reference, and I've included a new one, listing operator precedence (see Tables C.1 through C.6 ).

Table C.1. This is a partial list of operator precedence from highest to lowest (for example, multiplication takes precedence over addition).

Operator Precedence

! ++ ”

*/%

+-.

< <= > >=

==!====

&&

=+=-=*=/=.=%=

and

xor

or

Table C.2. This is a reprint of the list of special characters used for defining regular expression patterns as first revealed in Chapter 8, Regular Expressions.

Special Characters for Regular Expression
Character	Matches
.	any character
^a	begins with a
a$	ends with a
a+	at least one a
a?	zero or one a
\n	new line
\t	tab
\	escape
(ab)	ab grouped
ab	a or b
a{ 2}	aa
a{ 1,}	a, aa, aaa, etc.
a{ 1,3}	a, aa, aaa
[a-z]	any lowercase letter
[A-Z]	any uppercase letter
[0-9]	any digit

Table C.3. Don't forget that PHP has already defined several character classes for you to use when creating regular expression patterns. Here are the primary ones.

Predefined Classes for Regular Expression
Class	Matches
[[:alpha:]]	any letter
[[:digit:]]	any digit
[[:alnum:]]	any letter or digit
[[:space:]]	any white space
[[:upper:]]	any uppercase letter
[[:lower:]]	any lowercase letter
[[:punct:]]	any punctuation mark

Table C.4. Which parameter you use when opening a file determines what exactly the PHP can do with that file ”write to, read from, and so forth.

File Modes
Mode	Allows For
r	Read from the file only.
w	Write to the file only, but it will create the file if it doesn't exist or discard existing contents before writing (if the file does exist).
a	Append new data to the end of the file and create the file if it doesn't exist.
r+	Read and write to the file.
w+	Read and write to the file, but it will create the file if it doesn't exist or discard existing contents before writing (if the file does exist).
a+	Read from and write to the file and create the file if it doesn't exist. New data will be appended to the end of file.

Table C.5. The various date formats may be the most common thing that I can never remember. Keep this table nearby when using the date() function.

Format Options with the date() Function
Character	Format
a	am or pm
A	AM or PM
d	day of the month as 2 digits with leading zeros: 01 to 31
D	day of the week as 3 letters : Sun, Mon, etc.
F	month, long-form : January
g	hour of the day in 12- hour format without leading zeros: 1 to 12
G	hour of the day in 24-hour format without leading zeros: to 23
h	hour of the day in 12-hour format: 01 to 12
H	hour of the day in 24-hour format: 00 to 23
i	minutes: 00 to 59
j	day of the month without leading zeros: 1 to 31
l (lowercase 'L')	day of the week, long-form: Sunday
m	month as 2 digits: 01 to 12
M	month as 3 letters: Jan
n	month as digits without leading zeros: 1 to 12
s	seconds: 00 to 59
S	English ordinal suffix as 2 characters: th, nd, rd, etc.
t	number of days in the given month: 28 to 31
U	seconds since the epoch
w	day of the week as a single digit: (Sunday) to 6 (Saturday)
y	year as 2 digits: 01
Y	year as 4 digits: 2001
z	day of the year: to 365

Table C.6. These error-reporting options come in handy both when you are initially developing a site and once it has gone live.

Error Reporting Levels
Number	Constant	Meaning
1	E_ERROR	Fatal run-time
2	E_WARNING	Non-fatal run-time warnings
4	E_PARSE	Compile-time parse
8	E_NOTICE	Run-time notices
16	E_CORE_ERROR	fatal errors that occur during PHP's initial startup PHP 4 only
32	E_CORE_WARNING	warnings (non fatal errors) that occur during PHP's initial startup PHP 4 only
64	E_COMPILE_ERROR	fatal compile-time errors PHP 4 only
128	E_COMPILE_WARNING	compile-time warnings (non fatal errors) PHP 4 only
256	E_USER_ERROR	user -generated error message PHP 4 only
512	E_USER_WARNING	user-generated warning message PHP 4 only
1024	E_USER_NOTICE	user-generated notice message PHP 4 only
	E_ALL	all of the above, as supported

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