Section 1.3. Installing Fedora Core
1.3. Installing Fedora CoreInstalling Fedora Core is a simple and straightforward task on most modern computers. 1.3.1. How Do I Do That?To install Fedora Core, you'll need the installation media and your computer. If you are going to use a local area network or broadband Internet connection, it's recommended that you have it connected during the installation process. A Fedora installation will usually take 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the speed of your computer and the amount of optional software you choose to install.
1.3.1.1. Preparing for dual-bootIf your system already has Windows installed, and you intend to continue to use Windows, you will need to free up some space on the hard disk for Fedora Core. See Lab 10.1, "Resizing a Windows Partition ," for instructions on shrinking a Windows disk partition (or deleting one that is unused). There is an alternative to repartitioning your disk: you can install an additional disk drive in your system and use that drive for Fedora, or use an external USB or FireWire drive. 1.3.1.2. Starting the installationInsert your installation media (DVD, CD, or USB stick, or plug your system into a network with a PXE network boot server) and turn your system on. If it does not boot from the installation media, change your system BIOS settings to boot from it. The first thing you will see is the boot screen shown in Figure 1-1. Figure 1-1. Fedora Core installation boot screen The boot: prompt at the bottom of the screen lets you configure special options. You can press Enter for a standard, graphical installation, or you can type linux followed by any of the keywords in Table 1-3 to specify particular options for the installation session. Table 1-4 lists hard disk device names.
For example, if you are using a CD for booting, and you want to use text mode and to be asked for the installation method, enter this boot string: boot: linux text askmethod In most cases, you should simply press Enter at the boot prompt. The Linux kernel and ramdisk (initrd.img) will load, as shown in Figure 1-2, and then start executing, as shown in Figure 1-3. Figure 1-2. Loading the kernel and initrd (ramdisk) Figure 1-3. The Linux kernel starting up 1.3.1.3. Testing the installation mediaAt this pointif you are installing from DVD or CD seta media-check tool enables you to test the DVD or CD set, as shown in Figure 1-4. Press Enter to test the discs (optional), or press Tab and then Enter to skip the media check. The tests will take 26 minutes per CD or 812 minutes per DVD on a modern computer.
Figure 1-4. DVD/CD media check 1.3.1.4. Selecting the installation methodThe screen shown in Figure 1-5 will appear only if you did not not boot from an optical disc, or if you entered the method or askmethod keywords at the boot prompt (Figure 1-1). Figure 1-5. Language selection screen Select the language to use during installation using the up/down cursor keys, and then press Enter to proceed. The keyboard selection screen shown in Figure 1-6 will appear. Figure 1-6. Keyboard selection screen Select the entry that matches your keyboard and press Enter. If you included the askmethod keyword at the boot prompt or booted from a USB flash disk or a PXE boot server, the installation method dialog shown in Figure 1-7 will appear next. Figure 1-7. Installation method dialog If you select an installation method that is network-based (NFS, FTP, or HTTP), you will be presented with a network configuration screen where you can enable automatic IP configuration through DHCP and select IPV4 (used on most networks) and/or IPV6. If you do not enable DHCP support, an additional page will appear to collect the IP settings (IP address, netmask, DNS server, and gateway). In most established networks (including small business or home networks with a broadband Internet connection through a router/gateway device), the IP settings can be obtained from a DHCP server. If in doubt, try the DHCP server option; if it fails, you will be given the opportunity to enter the network information manually. If you select the hard disk installation method, you will be prompted to select the disk device and path to the Fedora Core ISO images. Use Table 1-4 to determine the disk device, and append the partition number to the device name (for example, use /dev/hda2 for partition 2 on the IDE primary master disk); for the path, enter the pathname of the directory containing the ISO images, using the forward-slash (/) character to separate directories instead of the Windows-style backslash (\). 1.3.1.5. Installation stage 2At this point, control of the system passes from the boot media to the installation media. For example, if you've used a USB flash drive to boot and HTTP for the installation method, it is at this point that the system switches over to software from the HTTP server. If you're using a graphical installation, the graphical environment will be started now, and the splash screen shown in Figure 1-8 will appear. Click Next to proceed.
If you are using a text-mode installation, you will see a text-based version of each of the following screens; the layout may be slightly different to accommodate the available screen space and the absence of a mouse pointer. Use the Tab key to navigate among the controls on the text screen.
Figure 1-8. Fedora Core graphical-installation splash screen If you have not already selected your language and keyboard type, the screens shown in Figures 1-9 and 1-10 are presented to collect this information. Figure 1-9. Graphical language selection Figure 1-10. Graphical keyboard selection 1.3.1.6. Upgrading a Fedora installationThe installation program will check to see if you have an existing Fedora installation; if you do, it will offer you the option of upgrading the current system instead of performing a new installation (Figure 1-11). Figure 1-11. Upgrade option Choose Install Fedora Core if you want to replace your existing installation, or "Upgrade an existing installation" if you want to upgrade your existing Fedora system to Fedora Core 6. Click Next.
If you choose Install, skip to the next section titled "Performing a New Fedora Installation." Otherwise, the screen shown in Figure 1-12 will appear, asking what you want to do with the bootloader configuration. Figure 1-12. Bootloader configuration during upgrade Choose an option based on your current bootloader:
Click Next. After a few seconds, the screen shown in Figure 1-13 will appear. Figure 1-13. Fedora installation confirmation screen This is the point of no return. Click Next to proceed with the upgrade, but remember that the upgrade process must run to completion and cannot be safely interrupted. The Fedora installer will analyze the software installed in your existing Fedora system, determine what needs to be updated, and install the new packages. 1.3.1.7. Performing a new Fedora installationIf any of your hard disks are empty and have not been previously used, the warning message displayed in Figure 1-14 will appear. If the drive contains data that you wish to preserve, abort the installation and boot into your existing operating system, figure out why the disk does not show a partition table, and restart the installation. Otherwise, click Yes to continue the installation. Figure 1-14. Warning about a blank partition table The installer will now ask what you want to do about partitioning, as shown in Figure 1-15. In most cases, there are four options available:
Figure 1-15. Disk and partition strategy selection
If you have more than one disk drive installed, you will be able to select the drive(s) to be used for Fedora using the checkboxes in the rectangle labeled "Select the drive(s) to use for this installation." Refer to Table 1-4 for Linux disk names. At the bottom of this screen, be sure to select the checkbox labeled "Review and modify partitioning layout" so that you will have an opportunity to see the proposed disk layout before it is used. Click Next to continue. If you have selected an option that involves removing an existing partition, you will see the partition-removal warning shown in Figure 1-16. Review the information shown, and then click Yes to confirm that you are prepared to remove the partitions listed. Figure 1-16. Partition removal warning 1.3.1.8. Partitioning layoutBy default, Fedora Core uses a system called Logical Volume Management (LVM). A partition managed using LVM is called a physical volume (PV). Storage space from one or more PVs is used to create a pool of storage called a volume group (VG). Out of this pool of storage, one or more virtual partitions are created; each virtual partition is a logical volume (LV). Figure 1-17 illustrates the relationship between these components. Figure 1-17. Relationship between LVM components LVM has several advantages over traditional partitioning:
Chapter 6 delves into more detail regarding LVM. Although logical volumes can be enlarged or reduced at any time, the ext3 filesystem that Fedora uses can be enlarged only while it is in use. It must not be in use when it is reduced in size. This can make it fairly complicated to shrink an ext3 partition. Because it's difficult to determine how much disk space each filesystem will require in the future, it is a good idea to make Fedora filesystems no larger than necessary at first, and then add space to them as required. This avoids the need to reduce the size of one LV in order to increase the size of another. Unfortunately, the LVM system is too complex to use during the early stages of the booting process, so a system configured to use LVM must also have a small traditional partition for boot files.
If you have selected a partitioning option that includes the default layout and have selected the checkbox to review and modify the layout, the screen in Figure 1-18 will appear at this point in the installation. Figure 1-18. Fedora Disk Druid partitioning screen The table on the bottom half of the screen contains two sections: one for LVM volume groups and one for hard disks. The default layout creates a 100 MB boot partition, and takes all remaining available disk space on all drives and places it in a single volume group named VolGroup00. The space in this volume group is then divided into two logical volumes: LogVol00 for the root filesystem and LogVol01 for swap space (virtual memory). There are three improvements that we are going to make to the default Fedora Core partition/LVM layout:
To make these changes, double-click on the line in the table that reads VolGroup00 and then click the Edit button. The Edit LVM Volume Group window will appear, as shown in Figure 1-19. Figure 1-19. Edit LVM Volume Group window Start by changing the Volume Group Name at the top of this window from VolGroup00 to main. Next, click on the entry that has a mount point of / and click Edit; the Edit Logical Volume window shown in Figure 1-20 will appear. Figure 1-20. Edit Logical Volume window for the root LV Change the Logical Volume Name to root, and change the size to a value that is closer to the size of the installation. I recommend 8,000 MB (i.e., 8 GB; most server and desktop systems will take 26 GB of space to install, so 8 GB gives a modest amount of headroom). Click OK when you are done. Figure 1-21 shows the settings that repeat the process for the other predefined LV: click on this LV and then click Edit. Change the Logical Volume Name to swap, leaving the size at the default value. Click OK when you are done. Figure 1-21. Edit Logical Volume window for the swap LV Finally, click the Add button and create a new Logical Volume to hold the home directories, as shown in Figure 1-22. Set the Mount Point to /home, the File System Type to ext3, the Logical Volume Name to home, and then set a reasonable size for storing the users' home directories (if you're not sure what value to use, start with 1000). Click OK when you are done. Figure 1-22. Creating a new Logical Volume for the home LV Review the final disk partition and LVM layout, and then click Next. The bootloader configuration screen will appear, as shown in Figure 1-23. Figure 1-23. Bootloader configuration screen The default bootloader configuration replaces any existing bootloader installed on the main hard disk. If you have more than one operating system installed, the bootloader will ask you which OS to boot when the system is started. If you have a Windows boot partition present, it will be listed as a boot option, but it will be labeled Other. To change this label to something more descriptive, click on that entry, and then click Edit. Enter the text of your choice, such as Windows XP Professional, and then click OK. Use the checkboxes in the Default column to select which operating system will be loaded by default if the user doesn't override the selection at boot time. It is a good idea to install a bootloader password. Without this, any person with physical access to your machine will be able to easily override all security by booting the system into single-user mode. Click "Use a boot loader password" and then enter your selected password twice when prompted.
Click Next to proceed. 1.3.1.9. General questionsIf you have not already configured the network, and you have a network adapter installed in your system, the network configuration screen appears next, as shown in Figure 1-24. Figure 1-24. Network configuration screen If you have a DHCP server on your networkwhich is the case in most large networks and in most small office and home networks that have a broadband Internet gateway/router devicethen you will only need to change the "Set the hostname" option to "manually" and then enter the hostname of your choice (unless your DHCP server sets the hostname for you). If you have a registered domain, choose a hostname within that domain, such as bluesky.fedorabook.com (which specifies the host bluesky within the domain fedorabook.com); otherwise, choose a hostname and append .localdomain to the end of the name. If you do not have a DHCP server on your network, select your primary Ethernet card from the Network Devices list and then click Edit. You will see the Edit interface window shown in Figure 1-25. Click on the "Configure using DHCP" option to deselect that checkbox, then enter the IP address and netmask. Click OK to save this information, and enter the hostname, gateway, and DNS server information in the blanks provided (it is necessary only to enter a Primary DNS server). Figure 1-25. Edit interface window Click Next to proceed to the next step in the installation, which is time zone selection, as shown in Figure 1-26. Figure 1-26. Time zone selection Click on your region of the map to zoom in, and then click on the major city closest to your locationor use the pull-down menu to select your time zone. You can choose to configure the system's hardware clock to store information in local time or in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). This is controlled by the checkbox labeled "System clock uses UTC." If you are using multiple operating systems on your computer (dual-boot), to use local time, deselect the checkbox so that the other operating system will interpret the time correctly. If you are using only Fedora, or Fedora and another distribution of Linux, choose UTC by selecting the checkbox. This will avoid multiple adjustments of the clock when entering or exiting daylight savings time. Click Next to proceed. The screen in Figure 1-27 requests that you enter a root password for the system (twice). This is the master system administration password, so be sure to safeguard it against both theft and loss.
Figure 1-27. Creating a root password 1.3.1.10. Software selectionThe next screen, shown in Figure 1-28, is used to select the software that will be installed. Use the checkboxes to select the categories of applications that you wish to have installed. To further refine the software selection, select the "Customize now" option; this is recommended if you are installing on a system with minimal disk space or a slow Internet connection.
Figure 1-28. Software selection screen Click Next to continue. If you selected "Customize now," you will see the screen shown in Figure 1-29. Otherwise, skip ahead two paragraphs. Figure 1-29. Software customization screen Select a category on the left side to see the package groups within that family on the right side. Use the checkboxes provided to select the groups you want. For even finer control, you can select a package group, click the "Optional packages" button, then select the individual packages you wish to include from the window shown in Figure 1-30. Figure 1-30. Optional package selection screen Click Next to continue. After a short time for dependency processing, the screen shown in Figure 1-31 will appear. Figure 1-31. Installation confirmation This is the point of no return; once you click Next, the partition table, filesystems, and bootloader will all be modified. Once the installation process begins, it cannot be safely interrupted and must be allowed to run to completion. During the installation, a progress bar similar to the one in Figure 1-32 will be shown.
Figure 1-32. Installation progress indicator When the installation is complete, the confirmation message shown in Figure 1-33 is displayed. Remove the installation boot media, and then click Reboot to start up the new system.
Figure 1-33. Completed installation 1.3.1.11. First bootThe first time you boot your freshly installed Fedora system, you will be asked a few questions to finish up the initial configuration. The display shown in Figure 1-34 will greet you; as you work through the questions, the arrow on the lefthand side of the screen will move downward to indicate your progress. Figure 1-34. First boot welcome screen Click Forward to proceed to the license-agreement screen. Read the license carefully, and then click Yes or No to indicate whether you accept the license terms. Click Forward to enter the firewall configuration screen. I strongly recommend that you leave the firewall enabled, and that you initially select only ssh as a trusted service. You can loosen your firewall to permit other inbound services later, as you set those services up. Click Next to proceed to SELinux configuration. SELinux hardens the Linux kernel against attack. Although it can be a bit difficult to configure at times, the protection that it provides is well worth the extra effort. SELinux is covered in more detail in Lab 8.2, "Using SELinux." For now, leave the Modify SELinux Policy option at its default setting; you can always adjust SELinux later. Click Forward to proceed to the date and time configuration screen. Select the current date by clicking on the calendar, and enter the current time into the fields provided. If you have an always-on Internet connection, click on the Network Time Protocol tab. Select the checkbox labeled Enable Network Time Protocol. This will configure your system to communicate with timeservers on the Internet to keep the clock closely synchronized to official time. This is valuable because it ensures that time and date stamps on your system are always accurate. You can edit the list of timeservers that can be contacted using the Add, Edit, and Remove buttons beside the server list. The NTP Server Pool Project maintains a pool of publicly accessible timeservers; the default server list (0.fedora.pool.ntp.org, 1.fedora.pool.ntp.org, and 2.fedora.pool.ntp.org) configures your system to randomly select up to three timeservers from the pool at boot. To use a timeserver in your country, use your ISO country code as the hostname within the pool.ntp.org domain; I'm in Canada, so a server in my country could be found using the name ca.pool.ntp.org. Click Next to proceed on to creating the first user. The root password that you entered during installation is used only for system administration and should not be used for day-to-day work. This screen lets you create the first user account; you can create as many additional accounts as you want later (see Lab 4.7, "Managing Users and Groups"). Fill in the four fields on this screen:
If the button in the lower-righthand corner of the screen reads Forward, there is one more step. Click on that button to proceed to the the sound card check screen. On this screen, click on the Play button (labeled ) and adjust the volume slider until you hear a guitar strum on the right, left, then the center channel of your sound system. If you don't hear anything, check your speaker power, physical volume control, and sound connections (if you have multiple sound cards, use the device tabs on the left side to switch between them), clicking Play after each adjustment (or just select the Repeat checkbox). If you can't get sound working at this point, don't worry; you may just need access to some of the advanced mixer controls, which you can experiment with later (see Lab 2.6, "Configuring Sound"). Click Finish. Congratulations, Fedora is installed and ready to use! 1.3.2. How Does It Work?The Fedora Core installer is named Anaconda. It shares code and technology with several other tools, including:
Because the hard disk is in an unknown state and the CD is not writable during the installation session, Anaconda uses a ramdiskan area of memory configured to act like a disk driveas the filesystem while it is running. After interacting with you to get the configuration details, Anaconda partitions and formats the hard disks and mounts them. It then starts installing RPM packages containing the selected software. Finally, it reboots the system. Each time the system boots, the init script /etc/rc.d/init.d/firstboot is executed. If the file /etc/sysconfig/firstboot does not exist, the Python script /usr/sbin/firstboot is executed to ask the initial configuration questions. Once the configuration details have been saved, the firstboot script exits and the normal boot sequence continues. 1.3.3. What About...1.3.3.1. ...rerunning the firstboot process to reset the system configuration?You can rerun the firstboot script by adding reconfig to the boot parameters when the system is started (boot parameters are entered in the same way as runlevels are during the boot process; see Lab 4.5, "Using Runlevels"). The sequence of steps used during a reconfiguration is slightly different and longer from that used when the script executes for the first time; for example, you can change the system's default language during reconfiguration.
1.3.3.2. ...getting help if I encounter problems during (or after) installation?Fedora is a community-based project, and the Fedora community is very helpful. The best places to turn for help are the Fedora Forum and the Fedora mailing lists. You can also access help using IRC (see Lab 9.2, "Using IRC," for more information). 1.3.4. Where Can I Learn More?
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