Glossary

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AAL

ATM Adaptation Layer. The AAL translates digital voice, image, video, and data signals into the ATM cell format, and vice versa. There are four AALs defined (AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4, and AAL5) that provide different services and have been recommended by the CCITT. The services have three distinguishing attributes: whether or not they require the transfer of timing information between source and destination, whether a constant or variable bit rate is supported, and whether the service is connectionless or connection-oriented. For example, AAL5 supports connection-oriented variable bit rate data services.



ABAP

A programming language used with SAP R/3.



ARM

Application Resource Measurement. ARM is a standardized set of APIs for measuring application transactions.



ARP

Address Resolution Protocol. This protocol is used to find the station address associated with a given higher-level protocol address such as an IP address. The mappings between IP address and station address are then stored on the local system in an ARP cache.



ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A form of digital transmission based on the transfer of units of information known as cells . It is suitable for the transmission of image, voice, video, and data. Asynchronous operations are allowed between the sender clock and receiver clock, with empty packets in the stream used to resolve clock differences.



CCITT

International Consultative Committee for Telecommunications and Telegraphy. CCITT defines international standards for telephony and telegraphy. CCITT standards include ATM, but in general their standards are identified by a letter, followed by a period, followed by a number. X.400 is an example.



CCMS

Computing Center Management System. CCMS is a management tool for the SAP R/3 application.



cell

A transmission unit of a fixed length used in cell relay transmission techniques, such as ATM. An ATM cell is made up of 53 bytes (octets), including a 5-byte header and a 48- byte data payload. The 48-byte standard was a compromise between the 32-byte size recommended by Europe, and the 64-byte size promoted by the U.S. and Japan.



CiscoWorks

A network management product from Cisco Corporation.



cluster

A generic term used to refer to a set of computer systems sharing a common attribute. For HP-UX 10. x and 11. x operating systems, a cluster is often associated with the set of HP series 800 computer systems running MC/ServiceGuard high availability software and being commonly administered.



ClusterView

A Hewlett-Packard product used to manage groups of systems, or clusters. It is an HP OpenView application designed primarily to monitor high availability clusters such as MC/ServiceGuard and MC/LockManager. ClusterView can also monitor Windows NT high availability clusters, and other groups of systems, such as an EPS cluster.



CMIP

Common Management Information Protocol. CMIP is a protocol standardized by Open Systems Interconnection for accessing management information and receiving status events.



collision

A network transmission error caused by two network devices trying to send data on a shared medium at the same time.



COPS

Computer Oracle and Password System. A network monitoring product for Unix systems. COPS checks for security weaknesses and provides warnings.



CPU

Central Processing Unit. The computer component responsible for executing the machine instructions on behalf of user and system processes.



CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check. LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring use a CRC field in the network packet to ensure that the data is exchanged with the target without error.



DBA

Database Administrator.



DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. A protocol to help with the administration of IP addresses and other configuration information. A client requests its configuration information from a DHCP server automatically, instead of requiring manual configuration by a system administrator.



DML

Data Manipulation Language. DML is the set of SQL commands that affect the contents of database objects (e.g., SELECT , insert , update ).



DNS

Domain Name System. A name service for translating between computer system names and IP addresses.



DSI

Data Source Integration. A MeasureWare API that allows the MeasureWare Agent to collect data from different data sources.



ELAN

Emulated LAN. An ELAN interface is an ATM card running LAN emulation.



EPS

Enterprise Parallel Server. Enterprise Parallel Server is Hewlett-Packard's high-end clustered server product.



ERP

Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP applications such as Baan and SAP R/3 are used by corporations for supply-chain management.



extent

An amount of disk space allocated to a file with the intent of keeping future records physically close together.



FCS

Frame Check Sequence. A checksum used to indicate whether a packet has been corrupted on the network medium.



FDDI

Fiber Distributed Data Interface. FDDI is a LAN technology that uses fiber optics and is capable of data rates of 100Mbps.



firewall

A system separating multiple networks to limit access by enforcing a security policy.



GlancePlus

A real-time, graphical, performance monitoring product from Hewlett- Packard.



ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol. This networking protocol is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite and is used for passing error and control information between gateways and other systems. The ping command uses the ICMP protocol. The ICMP protocol uses IP datagrams for transmitting its information.



inode

A kernel data structure associated with a file or directory in the filesystem.



IP

Internet Protocol. IP is a network protocol and is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. IP provides the packet routing and delivery functions for TCP, UDP, and ICMP.



IP address

Internet Protocol address. An IP address is currently a 32-bit address consisting of a network identifier and a system identifier. A name resolution service can convert a system name to an IP address. Network applications usually use a name or IP address for communication. The networking kernel software then converts the IP address to a station address using ARP.



ISO

International Standards Organization. An international organization that creates standards to facilitate the exchange of goods and services among nations.



IT/O

IT/Operations. A network management product from Hewlett-Packard. IT/O includes the Network Node Manager and also provides an Application Desktop for launching administrative tools.



JFS

Journalled File System. A journalled filesystem can track updates to a file so that if the file is damaged, it can be recovered.



kernel

The operating system controlling system services such as memory management, CPU scheduling, and device I/O.



LAN Emulation

Local Area Network Emulation. A protocol to make an ATM network look and behave like an Ethernet or Token Ring LAN. The LANE protocol defines a service interface for higher-layer (the network layer) protocols that is identical to that of existing LANs. Data sent across the ATM network is encapsulated in the appropriate LAN packet format. LAN Emulation allows interoperability between ATM and existing LAN technology.



LVM

Logical Volume Manager. A set of commands for managing your disks. In addition to setting up logical volumes , LVM can be used to stripe data across disks and to mirror data.



MAC

Media Access Control. Station addresses are also referred to as MAC addresses.



managed node

The computer system being monitored or managed.



management station

The computer system from which you monitor other systems in the enterprise.



Mbps

Million bits per second.



MC/LockManager

A high availability product from Hewlett-Packard. It is used to protect applications running in the Oracle Parallel Server environment on HP-UX systems.



MCSE

Multi-Computer System Environment. MCSE refers to the Hewlett-Packard management software used to support the Enterprise Parallel Server. This software has been rendered obsolete by the ClusterView product.



MC/ServiceGuard

A high availability product from Hewlett-Packard that protects HPUX systems and restarts applications when they fail.



MeasureWare

A performance management product from Hewlett-Packard.



MERIT

Maximizing Efficiency of Resources in Information Technology. A project sponsored by Computer Associates, Inc.



MIB

Management Information Base. A MIB is an SNMP format for representing information about managed components .



MIB-II

A standard defining how to store management information pertaining to a computer system.



MIF

Management Information Format. A MIF is a Desktop Management Interface format for representing information about managed components.



MPI

MultiProtocol Interchange. An Oracle product used to provide application connectivity by translating between different network transport stacks such as TCP/IP and IPX/SPX. MPI uses SQL*NET.



MTU

Maximum Transmission Unit. The MTU is the maximum size of a packet that can be sent on a network link. For example, the data portion of an Ethernet frame cannot exceed 1500 bytes. Transfer of data across links with different MTU sizes can lead to fragmentation by the IP layer.



NetManager

A network management product from Sun Microsystems.



NetMetrix

A network performance management product from Hewlett-Packard.



NetView

A network management product from IBM Corporation.



NFS

Network File System. NFS provides transparent access to remote, networked filesystems. The physical location of files is hidden from the user.



NIS

Network Information Service. NIS can be used to store and distribute information such as configuration data from a central location.



NNM

Network Node Manager. NNM is a network management product from Hewlett- Packard. It provides status and discovery of network devices.



OID

Object Identifier. An OID refers to the unique identifier for a MIB variable.



Oracle Names

A product providing a directory service by making database address and database link information available to all systems throughout the network.



Oracle Network Listener

An Oracle process that is part of SQL*NET. It is used to receive remote database connection requests.



OSI

Open Systems Interconnection. The ISO model for computer networks that is a standard way to describe network behavior. Networks are divided into seven layers : physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application.



package

An MC/ServiceGuard package is an application that has been specifically configured with high availability protection. The package configuration includes the control scripts needed to start and stop the application, and the list of processes and resources needed to run the application.



packet

A block of data sent over the network.



PerfView

A graphical performance monitoring product from Hewlett-Packard.



PID

Process Identification. A unique identifier for a process running on a computer system.



ping

Packet Internet Groper. The ping command uses the ICMP protocol to test the connectivity to a remote system.



promiscuous mode

A LAN interface in promiscuous mode will read all packets given to the system, not just those addressed to it.



PVC

Permanent Virtual Circuit. A PVC is a channel through a network provided by a carrier between two end points for dedicated, long-term information transfer between two locations.



RAM

Random Access Memory. All or a portion of a program's pages are loaded into RAM to be executed.



RARP

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. RARP is a protocol that maps a station address to an IP address. It can be used by a diskless workstation to get its IP address.



RDBMS

Relational Database Management System. For example, Oracle, Sybase, and Informix are relational database management systems.



RFC

Request For Comments. RFCs are publicly available specifications for Internet protocols.



RMON

A remote monitoring standard for collecting network performance data.



RPC

Remote Procedure Call. With RPC, a procedure call on a local system results in a procedure being executed on a remote system.



SAM

System Administration Manager. SAM is an administration tool for HP-UX computer systems.



SATAN

Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks. SATAN is a public- domain tool for analyzing system security and identifying weaknesses.



SGA

Shared Global Area, or System Global Area. The shared database segment containing temporary data caches used by the Oracle7 and Oracle8 server's while the server is running.



SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol. SNMP is a standard for getting and setting management information, and for reporting management events.



SONET

Synchronous Optical Network. SONET is a set of standards for the digital transmission of information over fibre optics.



SP

Service Provider. An SP is an intermediary between management applications and the information about a managed component.



SPOF (or SPoF)

Single Point Of Failure. A single hardware or software component that is unprotected such that its failure will make your application or service unavailable. Configuring redundancy into your environment can avoid these single points of failure.



SQL

Structured Query Language. SQL is a language that allows you to specify database queries as relational expressions.



SQL*NET

Oracle software that provides remote connectivity for clients to the database server. It is the SQL database module at the session layer in the OSI protocol stack.



station address

The unique address of a network interface card. It is also referred to as a MAC address, or physical address. The station addresses on an Ethernet are 48 bits. The first 24 bits are assigned to a hardware vendor, and the vendor is then responsible for keeping the remaining bits unique.



subnet

A portion of a network sharing a network address with other portions of the network. The host portion of the address is further subdivided into a subnet number and a host number, with a subnet mask specifying how many bits are used by each.



SVC

Switched Virtual Circuit. A channel established on demand that is used for transfer- ring information between two locations. The connection is established by network signalling, and lasts only for the duration of the transfer.



swapping

A technique used by the memory management service during periods of heavy memory use on the computer system. The pages in memory of a process that is not executing are swapped out to disk to make room for the code and data needed by the currently executing process.



SyMON

A management software product for Sun Solaris systems.



TCP

Transmission Control Protocol. A transport protocol providing a reliable, connection-oriented service for transferring network data.



TME

Tivoli Management Environment. TME is an enterprise management framework from Tivoli, a subsidiary of IBM Corporation.



TNS

Transparent Network Substrate. The lower layer of SQL*NET that establishes, maintains, and tears down connections for Oracle7 servers.



Token Ring

A LAN technology providing data transfer rates of 4Mbps and 16Mbps.



Transcend

A suite of network performance management and troubleshooting products from 3Com Corporation. The available products include Traffix Manager, Network Control Services, and Enterprise Monitor.



UDP

User Datagram Protocol. A transport protocol providing an unreliable, connectionless service for transferring network data. Its network service is provided by the Internet Protocol.



Unicenter

A product from Computer Associates, Inc. for network and system management.



V$ table

An Oracle term for a virtual database table that allows a user to access memory structures within the shared global area. V$ tables can be used to monitor the performance of processes of an Oracle instance. These tables are also called dynamic performance tables.



X.25

A CCITT standard for packet-switched networks.



X.400

A CCITT standard for electronic mail.



zombie process

A process that exited without cleaning up its system resources properly. The process terminated and the parent was not waiting for it.



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UNIX Fault Management. A Guide for System Administrators
UNIX Fault Management: A Guide for System Administrators
ISBN: 013026525X
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 1999
Pages: 90

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