- Torre, Miguel de la, Venezuelan leader
- 2259.
- Torrejón
- 2904.
- Torres, Juan José, Bolivian leader
- 3542, 3543.
- Torres Strait
- 1494.
- Torres Strait Islanders
- 4310, 4310.
- Torre Tagle, marquis de, colonial administrator
- 1649.
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, Panamanian leader
- 3640, 3641, 3642, 3642, 3642, 3642.
- Torstenson, Lennart, Swedish commander
- 622, 622, 622, 622.
- Tortosa
- 477.
- Tosa
- 1441, 1448, 1450.
- Tosa school of painting
- 396.
- Toshev, Andrey, Bulgarian leader
- 2167.
- Toshimichi, kubo, Japanese leader
- 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1452.
- Tosta, Vicente, Honduran leader
- 2288.
- Tostig, earl of Northumbria
- 422, 422, 423.
- totalitarianism
- 1814, 1829.
- Toth, Nicholas, archaeologist
- 19.
- Totonac, Mexican Indians
- 901.
- Tott, François de
- 809.
- Tottleben, Gottlob Heinrich, Russian general
- 664.
- Touat
- 1377.
- Toul
- 615, 624, 707.
- Toulon
- 1005, 1005, 1917, 2586, 2607.
- Toulouse
- 403, 403, 418, 450, 451, 479, 511, 599, 2704.
- Toungoo, Burma
- 341, 844, 844, 845, 846, 4050, 4050.
- Toungoo dynasty
- 844, 846.
- Touraine
- 444, 445, 449, 449.
- Tourane
- 1473.
- Touré, Ahmed Sekou, Guinean leader
- 2636, 2644, 4324, 4346, 4346, 4347, 4347, 4347, 4347, 4347.
- Tournai
- 404, 407, 450, 649, 713.
- Tours
- 407, 1902, 2877; battle of, 419; Film Festival, 4320.
- Tourville, Anne-Hilarion de, French admiral
- 653, 654.
- Toussaint L'Ouverture, Pierre Dominique, Haitian leader
- 1696, 1696, 1696.
- Tovio, Herman Toivo ja, Namibian leader
- 4470.
- Tower of Babel
- 85.
- Tower of London
- 444, 514, 515, 585, 591; confinement of the princes, 516.
- Town, Ithiel, designer of truss bridge
- 983.
- Town and Country Planning Act
- 2760.
- Towner, Horace, U.S. leader
- 2309.
- Townshend, viscount, Charles, British leader
- 683.
- Townshend Acts, England
- 942.
- Towton, battle of
- 515.
- Toynbee, Arnold J., historian
- 1815.
- Toyota
- 2640.
- Toyotomi family
- 859.
- Trabzon
- 1328.
- tractors
- 988.
- trade
- 74, 84, 91, 98, 103, 104, 129, 129, 133, 135, 135, 135, 135, 135, 169, 171, 171, 208, 223, 260, 271, 460, 695, 1392, 1874, 2073, 2198, 2229, 2694, 2696, 2696, 2730, 2748, 2772; prehistoric, 42, 42, 46; Africa, 43, 43, 43, 44, 45, 45, 45, 343, 343, 343, 343, 343, 344, 344, 344, 344, 344, 344, 345, 345, 346, 346, 347, 348, 350, 351, 351, 351, 351, 351, 351, 352, 355, 356, 358, 358, 359, 360, 360, 362, 362, 362, 363, 363, 363, 363, 363, 364, 364, 364, 366, 579, 869, 869, 870, 871, 873, 875, 879, 880, 884, 885, 885, 885, 885, 886, 887, 887, 888, 888, 889, 890, 890, 892, 892, 1506, 1506, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1515, 1516, 1528, 1528, 1528, 1529, 1529, 1538, 1539, 1539, 1546, 1549, 2558, 2558; Asia, 48, 51, 52; China, 49, 373, 1415, 1416, 1416, 1422, 1424; Southeast Asia, 51, 329, 339, 340, 1402, 1410, 4047, 4047; India, 51, 1395, 1397; Mesoamerica, 54; ancient Egypt, 90; Syria–Palestine, 101; Phoenicia, 108; Arabia, 126, 286; Roman Republic, 229; Roman Empire, 239; postclassical period, 278, 281, 281, 281, 282, 282; Portugal, 281, 337, 1064; disease, 282; Islamic area, 285; Fatimids, 317; Mamluks, 320; Japan, 390, 396, 1437, 1438, 1440, 1446, 1447, 1457; Europe, 400, 400, 406; Vikings, 426; Scandinavia, 426, 1076, 1247; Byzantium, 436, 438, 438; England, 444, 444, 585, 674; Venice, 473, 473, 473, 473, 538, 538; Russia, 488, 488, 488; Germany, 548, 548, 548, 1237; 1500–1800, 579, 579, 581, 582; Western Hemisphere, 579; Netherlands, 596, 596, 1057; Spain, 601; Portugal 1500s, 605, 643; Thirty Years' War, 644, 644; 17th and 18th centuries, 645, 711; France 1700s, 717, 717; Portugal 1600s–1700s, 727, 728, 730; Italy 1600s–1700s, 735; Switzerland 1600s–1700s, 748; Prussia, 754; Sweden 1700s, 762; Iceland, 774, 774, 775, 1077, 1077; Russia 1700s, 786; Middle East 1500–1800, 791; Iran 1500s–1600s, 813, 814, 814, 815, 816, 816; Morocco, 823, 825, 1375, 1376; North Africa, 827; India 1500–1800, 830; Southeast Asia 1500–1800, 837, 837, 837, 840, 840, 840, 844, 847, 847, 847, 847; China 1500–1800, 853; Korea 1500–1800, 855; Japan 1500–1800, 857, 859, 861; Vietnam 1500–1800, 863, 863; Philippines 1500–1800, 867, 867, 867, 868, 868; 18th century, 906; Americas, 911, 911, 911, 918, 918; North America, 921, 932, 939, 939, 939, 993; American colonies, 941, 942, 943, 944; Great Britain, 953, 1047, 1047, 1051, 1158, 1181, 1394; France, 953, 1005, 1020, 1181, 1195; 1800–1914, 959, 961, 961, 961, 977, 1026, 1100, 1100; Ireland, 1051; Low Countries, 1053; Italy, 1066; Denmark, 1077; Belgium, 1171; Sweden, 1247, 1248; Norway, 1248; Greece, 1272; Serbia, 1288; Romania, 1317; Middle East and North Africa, 1327; eastern Mediterranean, 1329, 1329; Ottoman Empire, 1331, 1335; Egypt, 1366, 1366, 1372; Tunisia, 1386, 1387; Libya, 1392, 1392; Burma, 1402; Siam, 1405; Pacific Islands, 1476, 1476; Philippines, 1486, 1486; Australia, 1494, 1497, 1498; New Zealand, 1500, 1500, 1503; U.S., 1565, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1599, 1604; restraint of, 1618; Canada, 1628, 1629; Latin America, 1642, 1644, 1657, 1658, 1670, 2238, 3628, 3629, 3661, 3674, 3700; protectionism, 1700; international institutions after WWII, 1700; international, 1720; neomercantilism, 1848, 1849; summit, 2692; Common Market, 2700; postwar Europe, 2737; postwar Great Britain, 2759; Europe–South America, 3628. See tariffs.
- trademark laws
- 1180.
- Trades and Labor Congress, Canada
- 1635, 1639, 3446.
- Trades Disputes Act, Great Britain
- 1163.
- Trades Disputes Act of 1927
- 2759.
- Trades Union Congress, TUC
- 1159, 1161, 1162, 1780.
- Trade Union Act, Egypt
- 2368.
- Trade Union Act, Great Britain
- 1160, 1846.
- Trade Union Act, Ireland
- 1880.
- Trade Union Bill, Great Britain
- 2781, 2793.
- Trade Union Congress, Limoges
- 1195.
- Trade Union Council, Great Britain
- 1844.
- trade unions
- See labor; labor movements; strikes; unions.
- Trade Unions Act of 1927, Great Britain
- 1844.
- Trading-with-the-Enemy Act, U.S.
- 2188.
- Trafalgar, battle of
- 726, 1023.
- Traianus, Marcus Ulpius
- See Trajan, Roman emperor.
- Traikutaka dynasty
- 133.
- Trailokanat, king of Siam
- 847.
- Trajan, Roman emperor
- 246, 246, 246, 253, 253, 253, 253, 253.
- Trajkovski, Boris, Macedonian leader
- 3197.
- Trancu-Iasi Law
- 2176.
- Trân dynasty
- 398, 398, 399, 399.
- Transalpine Gaul
- 235, 248.
- transatlantic cable
- 989.
- transatlantic shipping
- 961.
- Transbaikal-Amur Railway
- 3292.
- Transcaspian region
- 1259.
- Transcaucasia
- 427, 429, 438, 489, 1258, 2066, 2069; WWI, 1774.
- Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republic
- 2067.
- transcontinental railroads
- See railroads.
- Trans-Iranian Railway
- 2344, 2344.
- Transitional Executive Council, TEC
- 4482.
- Transjordan
- 103, 104, 104, 105, 106, 2389, 2391, 2395, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2397, 2397, 2398, 2398, 2414, 3769, 3769, 3870, 3870; makeup, 2395; and Great Britain, 3870. See Jordan.
- Transkei
- 365, 365, 1556, 2673.
- Transoxania
- 274, 290, 296, 301, 302, 303, 306, 307, 473.
- Transport Act, Great Britain
- 2760.
- Transport and General Workers Union, Great Britain
- 1839.
- transportation
- 643, 1492, 1736, 1736, 1736, 1839, 2191; 1800–1914, 956, 956, 961, 961, 968, 983, 986, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 989, 990, 990, 990, 991, 991, 991; Middle East, 970, 1329, 1331, 1335, 1337, 1337, 1346, 1347, 1367, 2317; U.S., 983, 987, 1574, 1580, 1581, 1587, 1601, 1614, 2191, 2191, 2205, 3401, 3401, 3413; Belgium, 1056; France, 1061, 1178, 1179; Spain, 1062; Central Europe, 1073, 1073; Scandinavia, 1075, 1247; Africa, 1119, 1521, 1534, 1537, 1548, 1556, 1557, 2561; Switzerland, 1226; Russia, 1258, 1259, 1261, 1261; Poland, 1268; Serbia, 1289; Bulgaria, 1304; Romania, 1317; Egypt, 1368, 1370; Morocco, 1378; Tunisia, 1390; India, 1397, 1397; China, 1420, 1424; Japan, 1450, 1464; Pacific Islands, 1489; Australia, 1490, 1492; Canada, 1625, 1625, 1629, 1632, 1634, 1635, 2217; North Africa, 2317; Iran, 2344. See aircraft; airplanes; railroads.
- Transportation Act, U.S.
- 2191.
- trans-Saharan trade
- 532.
- Trans-Siberian Railway
- 956, 968, 989, 1261, 1262, 1422, 2067, 2498.
- Transvaal
- 349, 365, 890, 969, 1121, 1124, 1162, 1551, 1552, 1555, 1558, 1558.
- Transylvania
- 313, 440, 460, 491, 492, 493, 615, 616, 617, 622, 635, 635, 635, 635, 635, 636, 636, 757, 757, 757, 757, 758, 758, 793, 795, 798, 803, 804, 805, 1073, 1238, 1318, 1779, 2023, 2023, 2174, 2174, 2635, 3142, 3246, 3254; WWI, 1742, 1742, 1760, 1787, 1806, 1806.
- Transylvania Company
- 941.
- Transylvania settlement, Kentucky
- 941.
- Trân Thieu Khiem, Vietnamese leader
- 4265.
- Trân Trong Kim, Vietnamese leader
- 2529.
- Trân Van Giau, Vietnamese leader
- 2526.
- Trân Van Huong, Vietnamese leader
- 4265, 4266.
- Tran Xuan Bach, Vietnamese leader
- 4277.
- Traore, Diarra, Guinean leader
- 4348.
- Traore, Moussa, Malian leader
- 4361, 4361, 4361, 4362, 4362, 4363.
- Trappists, Africa
- 1543, 1547.
- Trautmanssdorf, Maximilian von, Austrian envoy
- 624.
- Travancore
- 836.
- Travnik
- 1335.
- treaties of Breda
- 595.
- treaties of Brest-Litovsk
- 1782.
- treaties of the Baltic Entente
- 2084.
- treaty of 1221
- 507.
- treaty of 1537
- 628.
- treaty of 1639
- 807.
- treaty of 1746
- 1328.
- treaty of 1800
- 1565.
- treaty of 1819
- 1567.
- treaty of 1818
- 1641.
- Treaty of Accession to the European Communities
- 2733.
- Treaty of Annexation, Korea
- 2488.
- Treaty of Apamea
- 233.
- Treaty of Federation
- 1411.
- Treaty of Guarantee
- 3808.
- Lausanne, Treaty of
- 1712.
- Treaty of Miletus
- 198.
- Treaty of Misenum
- 242.
- Treaty of Naupactus
- 232.
- Treaty of Neuilly
- 2160.
- Treaty of Peace
- 1774.
- Treaty of Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space
- 2664, 3281.
- Treaty of Tarentum
- 242.
- Treaty of Trianon
- 2024.
- treaty outlawing trade in endangered species
- 2670.
- Trebbia, battle of the
- 1011.
- Trebizond, Trabzon
- 314, 503, 508, 564, 569.
- Treckkopje, battle of
- 1768.
- Treitschke, Heinrich von, historian
- 1235.
- Trejos, José Joaquín, Costa Rican leader
- 3689.
- Trekboers
- 1506.
- Trench, battle of the
- 286.
- trench warfare
- 1738.
- Trengganu
- 1408, 1411, 1411.
- Trengganu, ruler of Malaysia
- 4108.
- Trent
- 408, 609, 609.
- Trentino
- 1219, 1746, 1746, 1746, 1756, 1757, 1757, 1771, 1778, 1785, 1804.
- Trenton, battle of
- 948.
- Trepani, battle of
- 474.
- Trepov, Alexander, Russian leader
- 2063.
- Trésaguet, P. M. J., French inventor
- 647.
- Treshman, John, antiabortionist
- 2797.
- Treveri
- 247, 251.
- Trevithick, Richard, inventor
- 981, 989.
- Triad guerrillas
- 1474.
- Trials for Treason Act, England
- 681.
- Triangle Shirtwaist fire, New York City
- 1618.
- Trianon, treaty of
- 1787, 1787.
- Tribal Courts Law, Transjordan
- 2398.
- Tribal Disputes Regulation, Iraq
- 2401.
- Tribal National Volunteers, TNV
- 3980.
- tribes
- 14.
- Tribonian, jurist
- 260, 427.
- Tribunal del Consulado
- 911.
- Tribunal of Constitutional Guaranties
- 1927.
- Tribunal of the Holy Office, Italy
- 740.
- Tribunate, France
- 1013, 1019.
- Tribur
- 415.
- Trichet, Jean-Claude, financier
- 2754.
- Trichinopoly
- 133, 326, 336.
- Tricoupis, Charilaos, Greek leader
- 1304.
- Tridentine decrees, reform of Roman Catholic Church
- 609, 609.
- Tridentum
- See Trent.
- Triennial Act, England
- 591, 680.
- Trier
- 260, 401, 409, 459, 523, 541, 614, 653, 2619, 2621.
- Trieste
- 1219, 1568, 1746, 1746, 1757, 1771, 1778, 1785, 1960, 2135, 2635, 2713, 2713, 2713, 2714, 2926, 2931, 2932, 3167.
- Trimble, David, Irish leader
- 2815, 2816.
- Trincomalee, naval base
- 4027.
- Trinh family
- 863, 863, 863, 863, 863, 863, 863, 863, 863.
- Trinidad
- 572, 895, 907, 1018, 2587, 2599, 3756, 3756.
- Trinidad and Tobago
- 1032, 2656, 3756, 3756, 3757, 3757, 3757, 3761, 3761.
- Trinitarians
- 672.
- Trinity College, Dublin
- 594.
- Trinity College Medical School, Dublin
- 699.
- Triparadeisus
- 209.
- Tripartite Intervention, in China
- 1421, 1423, 1457.
- Tripartite Pact
- 2519, 2520, 2624.
- Tripartite Treaty of Alliance
- 2345.
- Tripartitum, constitution of Hungary
- 635.
- Tripitaka, Three Baskets
- 129, 134, 158.
- Triple Alliance
- 649, 650, 675, 704, 1111, 1114, 1117, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1123, 1126, 1126, 1131, 1137, 1140, 1235, 1243, 1746, 1746, 1841, 1941; Mexica and chiefs of Tacuba and Texcoco, 570; Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, 1660, 1665, 1667.
- Tripoli
- 287, 318, 322, 474, 505, 505, 601, 806, 826, 826, 826, 826, 826, 827, 827, 827, 827, 828, 829, 971, 979, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1135, 1137, 1225, 1332, 1335, 1392, 1392, 1392, 1392, 1392, 1392, 1393, 1393, 1393, 1393, 1393, 1507, 1507, 1508, 2379, 2405, 2615, 3948; treaties with Tripoli, 828; and Italy, 1348.
- Tripoli Charter
- 3841.
- Tripoli conference
- 3929.
- Tripolitania
- 322, 828, 1392, 2431, 2431, 2431, 3947, 3947, 3947.
- Tripolitanian Republic
- See Libya.
- Tripolitan War
- 979, 1135, 1136, 1136, 1225, 1225, 1308, 1568.
- Tripolitsa
- 1272.
- Tripura
- 3976, 3980.
- Tripuri
- 2445.
- Tristam, Nuño, explorer
- 281.
- Triumvirates, Roman
- 240, 241, 242, 246.
- Triumvirs, France
- 1009.
- Troas
- 111.
- Trochu, Louis Jules, French general
- 1187.
- Troezen
- 178, 193.
- Trojan Cycle
- 173.
- Trojan War
- 172, 173.
- Tromp, Maarten Harpertszoon, Dutch admiral
- 671.
- Trondheim, Norway
- 761, 2584.
- Tropical Oil Company
- 2267.
- Troppau
- 1045; protocol, 1045, 1066.
- Trotilon
- 184.
- Trotsky, Leon, Bronstein
- 1772, 1773, 1774, 1774, 2064, 2064, 2064, 2064, 2065, 2067, 2070, 2072, 2072, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2469, 2526.
- Trovoada, Miguel, leader of São Tomé and Príncipe
- 4375, 4375, 4376.
- Troy
- 172, 173.
- Troy Aphrodite
- 173.
- Troyes
- 266, 402; synod, 507; treaty, 515, 522.
- Truce of God
- 466; and feudalism, 449.
- Truce of Nice
- 608, 615.
- Truce of Ulm
- 624.
- Trucial Coast
- 1360, 1362.
- Trucial Oman
- 3897.
- Trücklibund, secret Swiss-French agreement
- 749.
- Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, Canadian leader
- 3453, 3453, 3453, 3453, 3455, 3455, 3456, 3456, 3464.
- Trueba, Andres Martínez, Uruguayan leader
- 3528, 3528.
- True Path Party, Turkey
- 3799.
- True Pure Land Buddhism
- 395, 396, 396, 857.
- Truffaut, François, film director
- 2702.
- Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas, Dominican leader
- 902, 1649, 2261, 2314, 2314, 2314, 2314, 3735, 3735, 3735, 3735, 3736.
- Trujillo, Rafael L., Jr., Dominican leader
- 3736.
- Trujillo Molina, Hector, Dominican leader
- 3735.
- Truk, Micronesia
- 4284.
- Truman, Harry S., U.S. president
- 2215, 2216, 2216, 2216, 2621, 2634, 2645, 2682, 2711, 2766, 3208, 3390, 3390, 3390, 3391, 3391, 3391, 3392, 3393, 3393, 3393, 3393, 3394, 3394, 3394, 3394, 3395, 3395, 3730, 3854, 4141, 4194, 4195, 4195.
- Truman Doctrine
- 2637, 3208, 3391, 3769.
- Trung sisters
- 397.
- Truong Chinh, Vietnamese leader
- 4271.
- Truong Dinh, Vietnamese leader
- 1473.
- Trusteeship Council
- 4283.
- Trustenik
- 1306.
- Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, TTPI
- 4283.
- Truter, Pieter Jan, explorer
- 1507.
- Truth, Sojourner, U.S. reformer
- 1580.
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa
- 4485, 4487.
- Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj, Mongolian leader
- 4187.
- Tsaldaris, Panyotis, Greek leader
- 2152, 2153, 2153, 2154, 2154, 3207.
- Tsankov, Alexander, Bulgarian leader
- 2162, 2162, 2165, 2166.
- Tsarskoe Selo
- 1258, 2067.
- Tsatsos, K., Greek leader
- 3223.
- Tschermak, Erich, botanist
- 1153.
- Tser, battle of the
- 1792.
- Tsewang Rabdan, Olöt commander
- 852, 853.
- Tshekedi Khama, regent of Bamangwato
- 2572.
- Tshisekedi, Étienne, Congolese leader
- 4450, 4452.
- Tshombe, Moise, Congolese leader
- 4449, 4450, 4450.
- Tsimanatona, founder of Iboina state
- 892.
- Tsingtao
- 1768.
- Tsiranana, Philibert, Madagascan leader
- 4492.
- Tsunayoshi, Tokugawa, Japanese shogun
- 860, 860.
- Tsushima
- 163, 395, 395, 855, 975, 1262, 1442, 1463.
- Tswana people
- 1551, 1551.
- Tu-144
- 2704.
- Tuam
- 425.
- Tuamotu Islands
- 1476, 1477.
- Tuareg people
- 357, 1511, 2555, 4362.
- Tuat
- 1507.
- Tubal
- See Tabal.
- Tubman, Harriet, U.S. black leader
- 1576.
- Tubman, William, Liberian leader
- 4355.
- Tucumán
- 900; congress, 1644.
- Tudeh Party, Iran
- 2344.
- Tudhaliyas II, Hittite king
- 113.
- Tudhaliyas III, Hittite king
- 113.
- Tudhaliyas IV, Hittite king
- 113.
- Tudjman, Franjo, Croatian leader
- 3176, 3190, 3192.
- Tudor, Corneliu Vadim, Romanian leader
- 3260.
- Tudor dynasty
- 515, 516, 516, 577, 585.
- Tu-duc, emperor of Vietnam
- 1473, 1473, 1474, 1474, 1474, 1474, 1474.
- Tuemman
- See Tempt-Humban-Inshushinak, king of Elam.
- Tughluk dynasty
- 332.
- Tughril Beg, Seljuk leader
- 301, 301.
- Tugwell, Rexford G., U.S. leader
- 2310.
- Tuhfat al-Nafis, Malay history
- 837.
- Tuileries, Paris
- 1003.
- Tujue
- 377, 378.
- Tujüe people
- 158.
- Tuka, Voitech, Czech agitator
- 2016.
- Tukaram, Hindu poet
- 833.
- Tukhachevski, Michael, Russian commander
- 2077.
- Tukulti-apal-eser
- See Tiglath-Pileser I, king of Assyria and Babylonia.
- Tukulti-Ninurta I, king of Assyria
- 86.
- Tukulti-Ninurta II, king of Assyria
- 87.
- Tula
- 55.
- Tulagi
- 2628.
- Tulip Period, Ottoman Empire
- 806, 807.
- Tull, Jethro, English agriculturist
- 647.
- Tullius Hostilius, legendary king of Rome
- 224.
- Tulsi Das, Hindu poet
- 580, 834.
- Tului, Mongol leader
- 374, 374.
- Tulul
- 86.
- Tulunid dynasty
- 296, 296, 317.
- Tumbes
- 898, 898, 898.
- Tumultuous Rising Act, Ireland
- 701.
- Tungabhadra River
- 327, 336, 337.
- Tungans
- 1418.
- Tungasuca
- 913.
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