- Peru
- 7, 8, 8, 34, 34, 40, 53, 57, 58, 63, 281, 570, 584, 602, 603, 660, 898, 898, 898, 898, 898, 899, 899, 899, 899, 908, 908, 908, 909, 909, 909, 910, 911, 911, 911, 911, 911, 911, 912, 913, 913, 913, 913, 957, 961, 1199, 1644, 1648, 1648, 1648, 1649, 1649, 1649, 1649, 1649, 1650, 1662, 1663, 1663, 1664, 1668, 1668, 1668, 1668, 1670, 1671, 1718, 1738, 2241, 2246, 2254, 2258, 2258, 2259, 2259, 2259, 2260, 2261, 2263, 2264, 2265, 2266, 2267, 2268, 2695, 2698, 3465, 3467, 3473, 3477, 3548, 3552, 3556, 3560, 3562, 3562, 3563, 3564, 3564, 3565, 3566, 3566, 3572, 3579, 3585, 3722; independence of, 1649, 1649; WWI, 1770, 2258; between Wars, 2259, 2260; Great Depression, 2260, 2262; WWII, 2263; and U.S., 3552, 3552, 3552, 3554, 3559; and Russia, 3554; cocaine, 3559, 3559; and Japan, 3563, 3564, 3566.
- Peru-Bolivia Confederation
- 1659, 1662, 1662, 1668.
- Perugia
- 242, 470, 537.
- Perugino
- 532.
- Perungina, ruler of India
- 328.
- Peru 2000 Party
- 3566.
- Peruvian Corporation, society of bondholders
- 1670.
- Peruvian Socialist Party
- 2260.
- Peruzzi
- 534.
- Pervomayskoye
- 3367.
- Peryslavl, treaty of
- 776.
- Pesant, Pierre le, French economist
- 714.
- Pescadores Islands
- 1421, 1457, 3400, 4181, 4227.
- Pescara, marqués de, Fernando Francisco de Avalos, Spanish commander
- 602, 607.
- Peschiera
- 1211.
- Peshawar
- 130, 130, 817, 1354, 1354, 1354, 1355, 1355, 2439.
- Peshwa
- 1394.
- pessimism
- 1036.
- Pessôa, Epitácio, Brazilian leader
- 2270.
- Pessôa, João, Brazilian leader
- 2271.
- Pest, Hungary
- 793, 798, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1284.
- Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, educator
- 725, 749.
- Pestamo
- 3072.
- Pestel, Paul, Russian leader
- 1257.
- Pétain, Henri Phillipe, Vichy leader
- 1755, 1791, 1800, 1901, 1916, 1916, 1916, 1917, 1917, 2418, 2586, 2590, 2839.
- Petar, king of Croatia
- 494, 494.
- Petén
- 902.
- Peter, St., Christian leader
- 250, 401, 401.
- Peter, regent of Portugal
- 529.
- Peter, ruler of Bulgaria
- 441, 441.
- Peter I, Balkan king
- 1292, 1293, 1779, 2128.
- Peter (Pedro) I, the Severe
- 528, 528, 528.
- Peter I, prince-bishop (vladika) of Montenegro
- 1296.
- Peter I, the Great
- 575, 657, 657, 659, 659, 769, 783, 783, 784, 784, 784, 785, 785, 785, 785, 785, 785, 785, 786, 789, 790, 806, 3303.
- Peter II, Balkan king
- 2134, 2134, 3173.
- Peter II, king of Aragon
- 475, 479.
- Peter II, king of Portugal
- 727, 727, 727, 728, 728.
- Peter II, prince-bishop (vladika) of Montenegro
- 1296, 1296.
- Peter II, tsar of Russia
- 665, 783, 786.
- Peter III, king of Portugal
- 665, 730, 783, 788, 789.
- Peter IV, king of Portugal
- See Pedro I, emperor of Brazil.
- Peter Island
- 2045.
- Peterle, Lojze, Slovenian leader
- 3176.
- Peterloo Massacre, England
- 1046, 1046.
- Peter of Bracheuil, Crusader
- 508, 508.
- Peter of Chelchich, religious leader
- 545.
- Peter of Pisa, grammarian
- 411.
- Peters, Karl, German leader
- 1530, 1530.
- Petersberg agreement
- 2708.
- Petersburg, battle of
- 1589, 1590.
- Peter's pence
- 628.
- Peter the Hermit, religious leader
- 505, 505.
- Peter Urseolo, king of Hungary
- 491, 491.
- Pétion, Alexandre, Haitian leader
- 1650, 1696, 1696.
- Petit, Alexis, scientist
- 1042.
- Petit, Jean-Sorieus, French physician
- 716.
- Petite Église
- 1014.
- Petition of Right, England
- 591.
- Petitpierre, Max, Swiss leader
- 2971.
- Petkov, Nikola, Bulgarian leader
- 1306, 3235.
- Petkovski, Tito, Macedonian leader
- 3197.
- Petliura, Simon, Russian leader
- 1817, 2067.
- Petrarch, Francesco, poet
- 400, 513, 525, 530, 533, 534.
- Petre, Edward
- 676.
- Petri, Olaus, religious reformer
- 628.
- Petrine theory
- 401, 469.
- Petrobrás, Brazil
- 3610.
- Petrograd
- 1756, 1774, 2064, 2064, 2064, 2064, 2064, 2065, 2065, 2067, 2068. See Leningrad; St. Petersburg.
- Petroleos Peruanas
- 3554.
- Petronilla, daughter of Ramiro I
- 479.
- Petronius, Roman author
- 246, 249.
- Petronius Maximus, Roman emperor in the west
- 269.
- Petrópolis, treaty of
- 1669.
- Petrov, Vladimir, Russian diplomat
- 4300.
- PETROVEN, Venezuela
- 3601.
- Petsamo
- 2582, 2635.
- Petsche, Maurice, French leader
- 2844.
- Peugeot
- 2640.
- Peugeot, Armand, automobile pioneer
- 990.
- Peye
- See Piankhy, king of Egypt.
- Peynardo, Jacinto B., Dominican leader
- 2314.
- Peza Conference
- 2143.
- Pfaffendorf
- See battle of _Liegnitz.
- Pfizer Inc.
- 4489.
- Pfleumer, F., pioneer in sound recording
- 990.
- Pflimlin, Pierre, French leader
- 2850.
- Pfrimer, Walter, Austrian leader
- 2005.
- Phaestus
- 169.
- Phags-pa, Tibetan lama
- 375.
- Phaistos
- 169.
- Phalanges Libanaises
- 2380.
- Phalanthus, Spartan colonist
- 184.
- Phalaris, tyrant of Acragas
- 185.
- Phalo, Xhosa ruler
- 891.
- Pham Van Dong, Vietnamese leader
- 4271.
- Phanariotes, Greek family
- 806.
- Phan Boi Chau, Vietnamese leader
- 2524, 2524, 2524, 2524.
- Phan Chu Trinh
- 2524.
- Phan Huy Quat
- 4266, 4266.
- pharaoh, title
- 93.
- Pharisees
- 250.
- Pharnabazus
- 199.
- Pharnaces I, king of Pontus
- 214, 241.
- Pharsalia
- 246.
- Pharsalus
- 241, 500.
- Pheidon, king of Argos
- 178.
- Pherae
- 202, 202.
- Phidias, Greek sculptor
- 186.
- Philadelphia
- 935, 935, 936, 943, 944, 946, 948, 949, 951, 952, 959, 1575, 1576, 1594, 2209, 2214, 2681, 3409.
- Philadelphia, Asia Minor
- 565.
- Philaret, Theodore Nikitich Romanov
- 630.
- Philby, H. St. John, British diplomat
- 2396.
- Philemon, Greek playwright
- 208.
- Philetaerus, governor of Pergamum
- 213.
- Philhellenism
- 1274.
- Philip
- See Metacom, chief of the Wampanoags.
- Philip, archduke of Austria
- 601, 601.
- Philip, duke of Burgundy
- 521, 522.
- Philip, the Bold
- 595.
- Philip, the Good
- 523, 524, 595.
- Philip, the Handsome
- 595, 613.
- Philip, duke of Milan
- 615.
- Philip, duke of Orléans
- 715.
- Philip, duke of Parma
- 745.
- Philip, king of Swabia
- 506.
- Philip, landgrave of Hesse
- 615.
- Philip, prince, consort of Elizabeth II
- 2760, 3450.
- Philip, Roman emperor
- 257, 272.
- Philip I, king of France
- 449, 455, 467, 468.
- Philip I, king of Portugal
- See Philip II, king of Spain and Philip I of Portugal.
- Philip I of Antioch
- 215.
- Philip II, Augustus
- 444, 444, 445, 445, 445, 445, 445, 449, 450, 450, 450, 450, 450, 450, 450, 450, 450, 452, 457, 457, 457, 469, 492, 505, 505, 522.
- Philip II, king of Macedon
- 124, 203, 203, 203, 203, 204, 204, 204, 204, 204, 204, 204, 204, 205, 205, 205, 205, 209.
- Philip II, king of Spain and Philip I of Portugal
- 575, 587, 587, 595, 595, 595, 595, 599, 602, 602, 603, 603, 603, 603, 603, 603, 603, 605, 605, 606, 615, 657, 905.
- Philip II of Antioch
- 215.
- Philip III, the Bold
- 451, 452, 453, 479.
- Philip III, king of Spain
- 603, 707, 918.
- Philip III Arrhidaeus, king of Macedonia
- 209.
- Philip IV, the Fair
- 446, 452, 452, 452, 452, 452, 452, 452, 452, 453, 453, 453, 453, 453, 453, 453, 453, 470, 470, 470, 470, 512, 520, 520, 530, 540, 540.
- Philip IV, king of Spain
- 603, 604, 604, 648, 649, 657, 718, 720.
- Philip V, the Tall
- 520, 520.
- Philip V, king of Macedonia
- 210, 211, 211, 211, 211, 211, 211, 211, 211, 214, 231, 232, 233, 233.
- Philip V, king of Spain
- 657, 659, 659, 660, 714, 718, 720, 720, 720, 720, 722, 723, 723, 723, 723, 723, 723, 723, 740, 745.
- Philip VI, king of France
- 453, 512, 512, 520, 520, 520, 520, 520, 533, 909.
- Philip, Arthur, British colonial administrator
- 1487.
- Philip, John, missionary
- 1550, 1551.
- Philiphaugh, battle of
- 592.
- Philip Neri, Saint, cardinal
- 609.
- Philip of Anjou
- See Philip V, king of Spain.
- Philip of Artois
- 450.
- Philip of Swabia, Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany
- 457, 469, 476.
- Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt
- 528.
- Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III
- 512.
- Philippi
- 203, 241.
- Philippic, of Demosthenes
- 204.
- Philippics, by Cicero
- 241.
- Philippicus, Byzantine emperor
- 431.
- Philippine Bill, U.S.
- 1485.
- Philippine Commissions
- 1483, 1484.
- Philippine Islands
- 339, 574, 724, 837, 851, 857, 859, 860, 865, 865, 867, 867, 867, 867, 867, 867, 868, 868, 868, 904, 909, 911, 911, 954, 1436, 1478, 1480, 1482, 1601, 1693, 1706, 2211, 2521, 2531, 2533, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2534, 2535, 2535, 2535, 2536, 2536, 2627, 2630, 2630, 2636, 2637, 2641, 2643, 2644, 2959, 3413, 4047, 4047, 4106, 4106, 4106, 4107, 4107, 4110, 4131, 4256, 4289, 4289, 4289, 4290, 4291, 4291, 4291, 4291, 4292, 4292, 4293, 4293, 4293, 4294, 4294; exploration of, 867, 867; under Spanish control, 867, 867, 867, 867, 867, 867, 867, 867, 867, 867, 868; revolution in, 1481, 1481, 1482, 1610; and U.S., 1609, 3396; WWII, 2600, 2606, 2625, 2626, 4289; 1940s–1990s, 4289; republic, 4289; Communist Party, 4291; student unrest, 4292.
- Philippines, University of the
- 4292.
- Philippine Sea, battles of
- 2533, 2630.
- Philippopolis
- 437, 509.
- Philippsburg
- 622.
- Philippus, Marcus Julius, the Arab
- See Philip, Roman emperor.
- Philips Electrical
- 1700.
- Philistia
- 87, 93, 100, 103, 104, 104, 104, 105, 105, 106.
- Philistines
- 67.
- Phillips, William, U.S. diplomat
- 2225.
- Phillipsburg
- 653, 656.
- Philo, Alexandrian scholar
- 295.
- Philocrates, Athenian leader
- 204.
- Philomelion, battle of
- 501.
- Philomelus, Phocian leader
- 203, 203.
- Philopoemen, Greek general
- 211, 211.
- philosophes, France
- 1000, 1037.
- philosophy
- 68, 131, 141, 239, 300, 319, 319, 319, 1143, 2701; modern, 1815, 1815; existentialism, 2701, 2839, 2861; structuralism, 2701, 2861; postwar, 2701; poststructuralism, 2701, 2861; deconstruction, 2701, 2861. See culture.
- Philotas
- 206.
- Phips, William
- 934.
- phlogiston theory
- 641.
- Phnom Penh
- 340, 849, 849, 849, 2453, 2857, 4075, 4081, 4082, 4085, 4086, 4086, 4087, 4091, 4275.
- Phocaea
- 110, 175, 177, 177, 185.
- Phocas, Byzantine emperor
- 275, 275, 428, 428, 429.
- Phocian, Athenian commander
- 204.
- Phocis
- 168, 189, 192, 193, 193, 203, 203, 203, 203, 204, 204, 204, 210.
- Phoenicia
- 95, 95, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 108, 108, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 110, 110, 110, 112, 124, 169, 176, 184, 184, 185, 185, 206, 213, 218, 228, 240.
- Phoenix Islands
- 4284.
- Phogola-Thukela region
- 1549.
- Pholien, Joseph, Belgian leader
- 2821.
- phonograph
- 990.
- Phormio, Athenian leader
- 194, 196.
- Photius, patriarch of Constantinople
- 435, 435, 435, 435.
- Photius, rival to patriarch of Constantinople
- 409.
- photography
- 989, 990, 990, 1736.
- photosynthesis
- 1041.
- Phoui Sananikone
- 4094, 4094.
- Phoumi Nosavan, prince, Laotian leader
- 4094, 4095, 4095.
- Phraates I, king of Parthia
- 216.
- Phraates II, king of Parthia
- 215, 215, 216.
- Phraates III, king of Parthia
- 216.
- Phraates IV, king of Parthia
- 216.
- PhraBuddha Loes Fa Nobhalai
- See Rama II, king of Siam.
- Phra Buddha Yod Fa Chulalok
- See Rama I, king of Siam.
- Phrachai, king of Siam
- 847.
- Phra Chom Klao Mongkut
- See Rama IV, king of Siam.
- Phra Maha Chulalongkorn
- See Rama V, king of Siam.
- Phra Nang Klao
- See Rama III, king of Siam.
- Phrantzes, Georgios, historian
- 569.
- Phraortes, Khshathrita?
- 123.
- Phrygia
- 111, 112, 112, 113, 114, 114, 114, 114, 115, 119, 199, 209.
- Phrygian dynasty
- 434.
- Phya Bahol Sena, Siamese leader
- 2451, 2452.
- Phyle
- 199.
- Physcon
- See Ptolemy VII Eurgetes II, king of Egypt.
- physics
- 1040, 1147, 1729, 1729, 1729, 1729, 1729, 1729, 1729, 1729, 1729, 1729, 1730, 1730, 1730, 1730; superconductivity, 2704.
- Physiocrats, school of economics
- 645.
- physiology
- 1151, 1151, 1151, 1152, 1152.
- Piacenza
- 468, 607, 607, 660, 662, 723, 737, 745, 745, 745, 1031.
- Piacenza, synod of
- 505.
- Piankhy, king of Egypt
- 95, 99.
- Piany, Antoine, French leader
- 2846.
- Piast dynasty
- 486, 486, 486, 487.
- Piatakov, George, Russian leader
- 2077.
- Piave River, battle of
- 1757, 1778, 1778, 1805.
- Piazzi, Giuseppi, astronomer
- 1038.
- Pibul Songgram, Luang, Thai leader
- 4065, 4065, 4066, 4067.
- Picado, Teodoro, Costa Rican leader
- 3686.
- Picardy
- 604, 1789.
- Picasso, Pablo, artist
- 1146, 1816, 1930, 2864, 2899.
- Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius
- See Pius II, pope.
- Piccolomini, Octavio, military commander
- 622.
- Pichegru, Charles, French general
- 1015.
- Pichincha, battle of
- 1652.
- Pichon, Stéphen Jean Marie, French diplomat
- 1784, 1901.
- Picquart, Georges, French general
- 1195.
- Picts
- 424, 424, 424, 425, 426.
- Pidie
- 839.
- Pieck, Wilhelm, German leader
- 3011, 3012, 3014.
- Piedmont
- 608, 612, 615, 653, 746, 746, 935, 985, 1009, 1066, 1066, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1068, 1091, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1093, 1093, 1181, 1210, 1210, 1211, 1211, 1211, 1211, 1211, 1211, 1211, 1212, 1212, 1213; and Austria, 1239.
- pieds noirs, Algeria
- 1384.
- Pierce, Franklin, U.S. president
- 1581, 1581.
- Pierleone
- See Anacletus II, antipope.
- Pierlot, Hubert, Belgian leader
- 1891.
- Piérola, Nicolás de, Latin American leader
- 1670, 1670, 1670, 1670, 1670, 1670.
- Laporte, Pierre, Quebec leader
- 3455.
- Pietism
- 646, 754, 772.
- Pietermaritzburg
- 1551.
- pig iron
- 956.
- Pignatelli, Antonio
- See Innocent XII, pope.
- Pignerol
- 600, 608.
- Pig War, Austro-Serbian
- 1293.
- Pikes Peak, Colorado
- 1594.
- Pilate, Pontius, Roman prefect of Judaea
- 250.
- pilgrimages
- 505; to Mecca and Medina, 808, 810, 880, 1351, 1358.
- Pilgrims, New England
- 926.
- Pilgrin of Passau, missionary
- 491.
- Pillersdorf, Franz, Austrian leader
- 1089, 1090.
- Pilles, king of Tyre
- 109.
- Pillon, Germain, French artist
- 600.
- Pilsudski, Józef, Polish leader
- 1269, 1270, 2110, 2111, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2113, 2114, 2114, 2117, 2119, 2119, 2119, 2120, 2120, 2122.
- Pimería Alta, Arizona
- 910.
- Pimiko, queen of Yamatai
- 167.
- Pinchot, Gifford, U.S. official
- 1617.
- Pinckney, Thomas, U.S. leader
- 1565, 1565.
- Pinckney's treaty
- See San Lorenzo.
- Pindar, Greek poet
- 176.
- Pindaris
- 1394.
- Pineda, Álvarez, explorer
- 574.
- Pineda, José Laureano, Latin American leader
- 1683.
- Pinerolo
- 671, 707, 738.
- Pingshan
- 2461.
- Pinjarra
- 1489.
- Pinkerton detectives
- 1605.
- Pinkowski, Jozef, Polish leader
- 3100, 3102.
- Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, Chilean leader
- 2698, 2801, 3465, 3474, 3477, 3507, 3513, 3514, 3514, 3514, 3514, 3514, 3514, 3515, 3516, 3516, 3517, 3518, 3520, 3520, 3520, 3520, 3521, 3521.
- Pinsk
- 1740, 1802.
- Pinta, ship
- 572.
- Pinto, Aníbal, Latin American leader
- 1663.
- Pinto, Francisco Antonio, Latin American leader
- 1662.
- Pinto, José Manuel, Latin American leader
- 1663.
- Pinturicchio
- 532.
- Pinzón, Martín, explorer
- 572.
- Pinzón, Vicente Yáñez, explorer
- 573.
- Pinzón brothers
- 572.
- Pio, Louis, Danish socialist
- 1252.
- Pioneer
- 2641.
- Pioneer Column, South Africa
- 1548.
- Pipinelis, Panayoti, Greek leader
- 3216.
- Piquigny
- 524.
- piracy
- 322, 473, 906, 1100, 1410, 1412; and Morocco, 824, 824, 824, 825, 1375; and North Africa, 826, 826, 826, 827; and Algiers, 826, 828; and Tripoli, 828; and Tunisia, 828, 1385, 1385; and Tunis, 829; and China, 851; and Taiwan, 852; and Japan, 855, 857; and Philippine Islands, 868; and Caribbean, 906; and Arabia, 1358, 1360; and Algeria, 1381; and Libya, 1392, 1392.
- Piraeus
- 187, 191, 196, 199, 199, 209, 1099, 1278, 1758, 3221.
- Pi-Ramses
- See Tanis (later Pi-Ramses).
- Pirandello, Luigi, writer
- 1952.
- Pires, Thomé, Portuguese leader
- 376.
- Piri Reis, Ottoman commander
- 795.
- Pirna, battle of
- 662.
- Pirot, battle of
- 1112, 1301.
- Pirot
- 1797.
- Pir Sultan Abdal, Anatolian poet
- 797.
- Pisa
- 471, 472, 498, 501, 505, 526, 531, 534, 534, 535, 537, 607, 744; council of, 531.
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