a. Rise of the Cold War and End of Empires | The Usborne Internet-Linked Encyclopedia of World History

CONTENTS · SUBJECT INDEX · BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD

The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001.

Subject Index

Page 56

Novi, battle of: 1011.
Novo-Georgievsk, Russian fortress: 1794.
Novorossiisk, Novorossiysk: 2595, 3314, 3338.
Novosibirsk: 3076.
Novosiltsov, Nikolai, Russian reformer: 1256.
Novotný, Antonín, Czech leader: 2725, 3127, 3128, 3128, 3128.
Noyon: 414, 607, 1738, 1755, 1781, 1812, 1812.
Nripatungavarman, ruler of India: 327.
NSF-22 December Group, Romania: 3257.
Ntaryamir, Cyprien, Burundian leader: 4412, 4412.
Ntibantunganya, Sylvestre: 4412.
Nubia: 38, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 45, 74, 89, 90, 91, 91, 91, 92, 92, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 96, 97, 98, 319, 346, 346, 346, 346, 346, 346, 346, 346, 360, 360, 360, 360, 360, 360, 360, 360, 361, 879.
nuclear energy: 1730; reactor, 1730; producing electricity, 1732; chain reaction, 1732.
nuclear power: 2641, 2641, 2641, 2642, 2651, 2652, 2653, 2655, 2656, 2664, 2671, 2674, 2676, 2681, 2681, 2696, 2703, 2703, 2717, 2725, 2736, 2737, 2738, 2765, 2768, 2769, 2865, 3443, 4216; atomic bomb, 1730; U.S., 2523, 2631, 2631, 3390, 3400, 3400, 3403, 3405, 3407, 3407, 3431, 3435, 3439, 3441, 4238; cold war, 2637; test bans and non-proliferation, 2637, 2641, 2642, 2660, 2665, 2666, 2690, 2692, 3005, 3203, 3282, 3408, 3414, 4217, 4218; weapons testing, 2638; U.S.-Russia, 2676, 3286, 3286, 3286, 3288; India, 2694, 3973, 3987, 4014; Pakistan, 2694, 2697, 3987, 4014, 4014; stockpiling, 2720; Great Britain, 2770, 2771, 2771, 2772, 2773, 2775, 2790, 2792; missiles, 2774, 2792; France, 2852, 2854, 2854, 2855, 2861, 2865, 2867, 2868, 2870, 2874, 2874, 2877, 2883, 2883, 2883, 2884; Malta, 2968; Switzerland, 2971, 2973; West Germany, 2995, 3005; Germany, 3025, 3026; Austria, 3037; Sweden, 3065; Iceland, 3086; Greenland, 3088; Yugoslavia, 3170, 3172; Albania, 3203; Romania, 3254; Russia, 3262, 3267, 3268, 3270, 3272, 3273, 3275, 3275, 3275, 3276, 3277, 3282, 3371; Chernobyl, 3294, 3297; Kazahkstan, 3332; Belarus, 3332; Ukraine, 3332; Iran, 3366; hydrogen bomb, 3394, 3398, 3401; Three Mile Island, 3426; Korea, 3433, 4217, 4218, 4218, 4218, 4218, 4218, 4218, 4218, 4219, 4220, 4221, 4222; Canada, 3449, 3449, 3449, 3454; Latin America, 3471; Southeast Asia, 4047; China, 4154, 4157, 4174, 4177; Japan, 4238; Pacific, 4283, 4283, 4283; New Zealand, 4314, 4316, 4317, 4317; Africa, 4326.
Nueva Galicia: 903, 903, 903, 903, 909.
Nueva Granada: 897, 897, 897, 909, 909, 909, 911, 911, 913, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1672, 1672; independence of, 1672. See Colombia.
Nueva Vizcaya: 904, 904.
Nuisances Removal and Disease Prevention Act, England: 1155.
Nujoma, Sam, Namibian leader: 4470, 4476, 4476.
Nullabor Plain: 1489.
nullification doctrine: 1565, 1574, 1576, 1576.
Numantia: 233.
Numa Pompilius, legendary king of Rome: 224.
Numerian, Roman emperor: 258, 260.
Numerianus, Marcus Aurelius Numerius: See Numerian, Roman emperor.
Numidia: 231, 232, 235, 253.
Nunavut: 3463.
Núñez, Rafael, Latin American leader: 1673.
Núñez de Balboa, Vasco: See Vasco Núñez de ~Balboa, Spanish explorer.
Núñez de Vela, Blasco, Spanish colonial administrator: 899.
Nupe: 1510.
Nur al-Din, Zangid leader: 318, 318, 318, 318, 319, 319.
Nuremberg, Nürnberg: 1835, 2982, 2983, 2987; Laws, 1986; Tribunal, 2646.
Nurestan: 1356.
Nurhachi: See Taizu, Chinese ruler.
Nuri al-Sa‘id, Iraqi leader: 2400, 2402, 2406, 3879, 3879.
Nur Jahan, Indian empress: 832.
Nurmi, Paavo, Finnish athlete: 1708.
Nursi, Saidi, religious leader: 3792.
nursing: 1071, 1162.
Nuru'd-din ar-Raniri, Malay scholar: 841.
Nur-ud-din Jahangir: See Jahangir, Mughal emperor.
Nur-u Osmaniye mosque, Istanbul: 808.
Nyamwezi people: 1528, 1528, 1539, 1539.
Nyangoma, Leonard, Hutu rebel leader: 4414.
Nyarubanga period: 883.
Nyasaland: 1546, 1547, 1548, 1548, 2572, 2572, 2572, 2661, 4408, 4455, 4455, 4456, 4456, 4459, 4459, 4459; and Rhodesia, 2652, 2661. See Malawi.
Nyasaland African Congress, NAC: 4456, 4456.
Nyasaland National Congress: 4459.
Nye, Archibald: 3446.
Nyerere, Julius, Tanzanian leader: 4408, 4426, 4426, 4426, 4426, 4426, 4426, 4426.
Nyers, Reszö, Hungarian leader: 3155.
Nygaardsvold, Johan, Norwegian leader: 2047.
Nymphaion, treaty of: 510.
Nymphenburg: 660.
Nyon: 1726; agreement, 1930.
Nyoro kingdom: 1536.
Nystadt, treaty of: 659, 762, 766, 786.
Nyström, Swedish labor leader: 1248.
Nzinga, queen of the Mbundu: 886.

Oates, Titus, English conspirator: 676.
oath of allegiance: 1591.
Oath of Salisbury, England: 444.
Oaths of Strassburg: 411.
Oaxaca: 570, 911, 3710.
Obando, José Maria, Latin American leader: 1672.
Obando y Bravo, Miguel, Nicaraguan archbishop: 3677.
Obasanjo, Olusegun (Olasegun), Nigerian leader: 4326, 4368, 4368, 4373, 4457, 4469.
Oberlin College: 1575.
Ober-Procurator, Russia: 786.
Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Teodoro, leader of Equatorial Guinea: 4338, 4338, 4338, 4338.
Obote, Milton, Ugandan leader: 4428, 4428, 4429, 4429, 4429, 4429, 4429, 4429.
Obregón, Alvaro, Mexican leader: 2290, 2292, 2292, 2293, 2293, 2294, 2296, 2296, 2296, 2297, 2297, 2297.
Obrenovich family, rulers of Serbia: 1285.
O'Brians of Munster: 425.
Obuchi Keizo, Japanese leader: 4250, 4251, 4252.
Ocala: 1605.
Ocalan, Abdullah, Kurdish leader: 3785, 3804, 3804.
Ocampo, David Samanez, Peruvian leader: 2260.
Occasional Conformity Act, England: 683, 685.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA: 3423.
Occupation Statute: 2709, 2710, 2710.
Ocean Island: 1479, 4284.
oceanography: 1152.
Ochab, Edward, Polish leader: 3098.
Ochoa Sánchez, Arnaldo, Cuban leader: 3723.
Ochoa Vásquez, Fabio, drug lord: 3585.
Ochrid: 438, 438, 499, 1139.
Ochs, Peter, Swiss rebel: 750.
O'Connell, Daniel, Irish leader: 1051, 1051, 1051, 1051, 1051, 1052.
O'Connor, Feargus, Irish Chartist leader: 1049.
O'Connor, Sandra Day, Supreme Court Justice: 3427.
O'Connors of Connaught: 425.
Ocosingo: 913.
Octavia, wife of Mark Antony: 242, 242.
Octavia, wife of Nero: 248, 248.
Octavian (later Augustus): 219, 241, 241, 241, 241, 242, 242, 242, 242, 242, 242, 242, 242, 243, 243.
Octavianus, Gaius Julius Caesar, Octavian: See Augustus; Octavian (later Augustus).
October Diploma, Austria: 1239.
Octoberist Party, Russia: 1263, 2064.
October Manifesto, Russia: 1263, 1263, 1263, 1264.
October Revolution, Russia: 1269.
Oczakov: 789.
Oda, archbishop of Canterbury: 422.
Oda family: 857, 859.
Odaware: 858.
Oddsson, Davíd, Icelandic leader: 3086, 3087.
Odenathus, ruler of Palmyra: 257, 272.
Ödenburg: 1817, 2025.
Oder-Neisse line: 2731, 2731, 2982, 3006, 3006, 3011, 3089, 3094, 3099.
Oder River: 402, 405, 461, 486, 755, 1835.
Odescalchi, Benedetto: See Innocent XI, pope.
Odessa: 1262, 1272, 1299, 1774, 2067, 2067, 2593, 2593, 2597.
Odessos, Varna: 568.
Odinga, Oginga, Kenyan leader: 4417, 4417, 4417, 4417.
Odo, Eudes: 412, 413, 413.
Odoacer: See Odovacar, Herulian leader.
O'Donnell, Leopoldo, Spanish leader: 1199, 1199, 1199.
Odovacar, Herulian leader: 269, 269, 270, 403, 406, 406.
Odrysae: 203, 203.
Oduber, Daniel, Costa Rican leader: 3689.
O'Duffy, Eoin (Owen), Irish leader: 1872, 1873.
Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka, Nigerian leader: 4368.
Odysseus: 173.
Odyssey: 173, 229.
Oedipus: 173.
Oedlsting, Norway: 1075.
e Hiromoto, scholar: 394.
e Kenzabur, writer: 4246, 4247.
Oeniadea: 192.
Oersted, Hans, physicist: 1038, 1039.
Offenses Against the State Act, Ireland: 2809.
Office de redressement économique, Belgium: 1888.
Office of Anthropology, Mexico: 2294.
Office of Defense Mobilization, U.S.: 3394.
Office of Economic Opportunity, U.S.: 3390, 3410, 3422.
Office of Economic Stabilization, U.S.: 2212.
Office of Economic Warfare, U.S.: 2214.
Office of Inter-American Affairs, U.S.: 2210.
Office of Management and Budget, U.S.: 3420.
Office of Production Management, U.S.: 2210.
Office of War Information, U.S.: 2608.
Office of War Mobilization, U.S.: 2212.
Official Languages Act, Canada: 3454.
Official Translation Office, China: 847.
Ogaden: 2564, 4396, 4397, 4400, 4400.
gai, Mori, writer: 1471.
Ogata Taketora, Japanese leader: 4229.
Ogere, Nigeria: 2558.
Oghuz Turks: 301, 309.
Ogi, Adolf, Swiss leader: 2977.
Ogiski, Michal, Polish engineer: 781.
Oglethorpe, James, English colonizer: 938.
Ögödei, Mongol leader: 374, 374, 375.
Ogoni: 4371, 4373.
Ogowe: 1509.
Ohain, Hans von, airplane engineer: 1736.
Ohanian, Avans, film director: 2341.
O'Higgins, Bernardo, Latin American leader: 1648, 1648, 1648, 1648, 1662.
O'Higgins, Kevin, Irish leader: 1864, 1870.
Ohio: 1567, 1623, 2188, 3401.
Ohio Company: 939.
Ohio River: 53, 939, 939, 939, 940, 940, 944, 1581.
hira Masayoshi, Japanese leader: 4234.
Ohm, Georg S., physicist: 1039.
oil: 981; companies, 1700; pipeline, 1737; globalization, 3774.
oil fields: 2668, 2670, 2681; Romania, 1312, 2590; Iran, 1351, 1353, 3433; Arabia, 1364, 2413; Iraq, 2402, 2402, 2402, 2405, 3842, 3883, 3884, 3884, 3900; Bahrain, 2413; Saudi Arabia, 2416, 2416, 3889; Russia, 2595, 3098; Mexico, 2603, 3703; Caucausus, 2627; Norway, 3058; Poland, 3095; Azerbaijan, 3314, 3314; Kazakhstan, 3337, 3338; Latvia, 3349; U.S., 3417, 3425; Peru, 3553; Ecuador, 3568, 3569, 3571, 3571; Colombia, 3593; Venezuela, 3594, 3596; Middle East, 3770; Rumayla, 3782; Turkey, 3791; Eurasia, 3804; North Yemen, 3895; Qatar, 3896; Kuwait, 3896; Abu Dhabi, 3896; Dubayy, 3896, 3897; Oman, 3897; Sharja, 3897; Algeria, 3929; Libya, 3947; Seris, 4118; Nigeria, 4324, 4373; Chad, 4337; Sudan, 4404; Luanda, 4432; Angola, 4439, 4442.
Oirat: 376.
Oise-Aisne Canal: 1801.
Ojeda, Alonso de, Spanish explorer: 573, 895.
Oka: 3457.
Okada Keisuke, Japanese leader: 2514.
O'Keefe, Matthew: 1164, 1167.
O'Kelly, Seán T., Irish leader: 1881, 2804, 2805.
Oken, Lorenz, naturalist: 1042.
Okhrid: 441, 442, 1797.
Oki Island: 395.
Okinawa: 2631, 3418, 4226, 4236, 4238, 4239.
Okitsugu, Tanuma, Japanese official: 861.
Ok-kyun, Kim, Korean leader: 1431.
Oklahoma: 903, 905, 1576, 1593; settlement of, 1603.
Oklahoma City: 3433.
Olaf I Trygvesson, king of Norway: 464.
Olaf II, St. Olaf: 463, 464.
Olaf V, king of Denmark and Norway: 551, 551, 553, 553, 3057, 3057, 3058, 3060.
Old Age Pension Act, England: 1163.
old age pension law(s): 1867; Belgium, 1886.
Old Believers, Russian schismatics: 783, 784, 785.
Oldcastle, John (Lord Cobham): 514.
Old Chosn: 160, 160, 160.
Old Delhi: 3980.
Oldenburg: 1072.
Oldenburg dynasty: 1077.
Old Hittite Kingdom: 113.
Old Kingdom, Egypt: 66, 91, 91, 91, 95.
Old Northwest, U.S. territory: 950, 1567.
Oldowan stone technology: 19.
Old Pretender: See James Edward (the Old Pretender), son of James II.
Old Stone Age: 14, 138.
Old Testament: 419, 469.
Olduvai Gorge: 4, 7, 9, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 4409.
Old World: 2, 14, 15, 19, 20, 20, 22, 23, 23, 24, 24, 25, 28, 29, 35, 36, 40, 40, 41, 52, 61, 869.
Olechowski, Andrzej, Polish leader: 3115.
Oleg, Russian prince: 436, 488.
Oleksy, Jozef, Polish leader: 3117, 3118.
Olga, queen and regent of Greece: 2144.
Olga, Russian princess: 437, 488, 488.
Olid, Cristóbal de, Spanish conquistador: 902, 902.
Olinda: 915, 916.
Oliva, treaty of: 648, 761, 776.
Olivares, count-duke, Gaspar de Guzman, favorite of Philip IV: 603, 604.
Oliver, James, developer of chilled plow: 987.
Olivier, Borg, Maltese leader: 2967.
Oljeitu, Ilkhanid leader: 305, 306.
Ollivier, Émile, French leader: 1185.
Olmecs: 54, 54, 54, 61, 63.
Olmütz: 663.
Olmütz Proclamation: 1230.
Oloibiri, Nigeria: 4324.
Olöt Jungars: 852, 852.
Olsen-Chubbock, Colorado: 12.
Olszewski, Andrzej, Polish leader: 3115.
Olszewski, Jan, Polish leader: 3114.
Olybrius, Roman emperor in the west: 269.
Olympia: 186.
Olympian Games: 176.
Olympias, wife of Philip II of Macedonia: 205, 209.
Olympic Games: 1706, 1708; of classical Greece, 959; modern, 959, 1279; London, 1706, 2648, 2761; VII Summer, 1883; Tokyo, 2661; Mexico, 2665, 3702; Munich, 2669, 3859; Montreal, 2673; Moscow, 2677, 3290; Los Angeles, 2680; Barcelona, 2688, 2907, 4316; U.S., 3292, 3436; China, 4171; Australia, 4171, 4301, 4313; Korea, 4212, 4213, 4279; Japan, 4235, 4250, 4279.
Olympic Peninsula: 33.
Olympio, Sylvanus, Togolese leader: 4386, 4386.
Olynthiac Orations: 204.
Olynthus: 200, 200, 203, 204, 204, 204.
Omagh: 2815.
Omagua: 916.
Omaha: 1605.
Oman: 126, 288, 817, 820, 820, 820, 821, 880, 882, 882, 882, 1358, 1360, 1360, 1361, 1361, 1361, 1364, 2408, 2409, 2413, 3338, 3776, 3889, 3896, 3896, 3897, 3897, 3897, 3897, 3899; and Africa, 1528, 1528, 1528, 1528, 1528, 1529.
Omanis: 343.
Omar Bongo University, Gabon: 4341.
Bashir, Omar Hassan al-, Sudanese leader: 4392, 4405, 4406, 4407.
Omar Pasha, Michael Lattas: 1296, 1296.
Omdurman, battle of: 1123, 1526.
Omladina: See United Serbia Youth.
Omortag: 440.
Omri, king of Israel: 104, 104, 109.
Omsk, Siberia: 2067.
mura, lord of Nagasaki: 857, 857.
Omurtag, Bulgarian ruler: 440.
On: See Heliopolis.
Ona: 570.
Oñate, Juan de, Spanish conquistador: 904.
Oncenio, Peruvian administration: 2259.
Oneida Indians: 935, 946, 1563.
O'Neill, Hugh, earl of Tyrone: 589, 590.
O'Neill, Terence, Irish leader: 2781, 2809.
O'Neils of Ulster: 425.
One Israel: 3868.
Onganía, Juan Carlos, Argentine leader: 3487, 3487, 3489.
Ong Teng Cheong, Singaporean leader: 4117.
nin War, Japan: 396.
Onitsha, Nigeria: 4323.
Ónod: 758.
Onomarchus, Phocian leader: 203, 203, 204.
Onondaga Indians: 935.
Ono no Imoko, Japanese diplomat: 383.
Ontario: 1622, 1623, 1630, 1630, 1632, 1634, 2232, 2687.
Ontario Hockey Association: 1635.
Ontario Hydroelectric Commissionaries: 1639.
Ontong Java: 865.
Öostercheldedam: 2832.
Oost Indische Compagnie: See Dutch East India Company.
Opechanough, American Indian leader: 925.
Open Door policy: 970, 971, 1129, 1424, 1465, 1610, 1610, 1710.
open-hearth process: 956; of steelmaking, 984.
Open Housing Law: 3415.
Operation Blast Furnace: 3547.
Operation Crossroads, U.S.: 4283.
Operation Desert Storm: 2879.
Opitz, Martin, German writer: 624.
opium: 1395, 1415, 1415, 1416, 1416, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1424, 1439; conference on, 1714.
Opium War: 953, 961, 1415, 1416, 1438, 1473.
Opoku Ware, Asante ruler: 876.
Oporto, Portugal: 918, 1064, 1937.
Oppa River: 660.
Oppenheim: 622.
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, scientist: 3397, 3398.
Oppert, Ernst, German adventurer: 1430.
Opuntian Locris: 192.
oral traditions: 2.
Oran, Algeria: 601, 601, 826, 828, 828, 1381, 1381, 1381, 1382, 1382, 1382, 1383, 1383, 1386, 2605, 2614.
Orange, Dutch royal house: 595, 652, 659, 703, 704.
Orange, of: 1033.
Orange Free State: 1552, 1553, 1553, 1559, 2574.
Orange Guard, Bulgaria: 2160.
Orange Naussau: 705.
Orange River, South Africa: 890, 1552, 1553, 1768.
Orange River Sovereignty: 1552.
Orang Kaya, council of nobles in Malaya: 837, 837, 837, 837.
Orang Laut: 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837.
Orang Suku Bentan: 837.
Orang Suku Bulang: 837.


The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

CONTENTS · SUBJECT INDEX · BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD