- Ladislas of Transylvania
- 560.
- Ladrones
- See Mariana Islands (Ladrones).
- Lae
- 2629.
- Laenas, Caius Popilius, Roman ambassador
- 233.
- Laënnec, René, inventor
- 1042.
- Lafayette, marquis de, Marie Joseph, French leader and officer
- 949, 951, 1001, 1001, 1001, 1071.
- La Follette, Robert M., U.S. leader
- 1618, 2194.
- Lafontaine, Oskar, German leader
- 3026.
- La Francophonie
- 2683.
- Lagash
- 84, 84, 122.
- Lagid dynasty
- 218.
- Lagos
- 654, 1515, 1515, 1516, 1516, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1521, 2559, 2559, 2559, 2915, 4325, 4368.
- Lagos Escobar, Ricardo, Chilean leader
- 3521, 3521, 3521.
- La Goulette
- 828, 1390.
- Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, French astronomer
- 131.
- Lagting, Norway
- 1075.
- la Guardia, Ernesto de, Panamanian leader
- 3638.
- La Guma, Alex, writer
- 4320.
- Lagus, father of Ptolemy I
- 218.
- La Harpe, Frédéric-César de, leader of the Helvetic Committee
- 750.
- Lahaut, Julien, Belgian leader
- 2820.
- La Hogue
- 653.
- Lahore
- 325, 819, 830, 2671, 3966, 4006, 4006.
- Lahoud, Emile, Lebanese leader
- 3853, 3853.
- Laibach, congress of
- 1045.
- Laidoner, John, Estonian leader
- 2106, 2109.
- Laing, Alexander G., explorer
- 1507.
- Laing's Nek, battle of
- 1555.
- Laino, Domingo, Paraguayan leader
- 3523.
- laissez-faire
- 1045, 1097, 1199.
- Lakanal, Joseph, French leader
- 1005.
- LAKAS Party, Philippines
- 4294.
- Lake Albert
- 1509.
- Lake Albert Edward
- 1119.
- Lake Albert Nyanza
- 1508.
- Lake Baikal
- 26, 26, 28.
- Lake Biwa
- 857.
- Lake Chad
- 343, 344, 352, 360, 1507, 1508, 1511.
- Lake Champlain
- 947, 948, 1623, 1625.
- Lake Constance
- 546.
- Lake Copais
- 171.
- Lake Erie
- 922, 940, 1580, 1623, 1625.
- Lake Huron
- 922, 1583.
- Lake Lucerne
- 546.
- Lake Malawi
- 888, 1529.
- Lake Michigan
- 921.
- Lake Moeris
- 89.
- Lake Mweru
- 1507.
- Lake Naroch, battle of
- 1802.
- Lake Ngami
- 1507, 1508.
- Lake Nicaragua
- 895.
- Lake Nipissing
- 921.
- Lake Nyasa
- 1508, 1509, 1768.
- Lake Nyos, Cameroon
- 4332.
- Lake of the Woods
- 1574, 1623, 1625.
- Lake Okhrid
- 1806.
- Lake Ontario
- 1625, 1625.
- Lake Peipus, battle of
- 490.
- Lake Presba, battle of
- 1808.
- Lake Sevan
- 116.
- Lake Superior
- 921, 921, 1583.
- Lake Tanganyika
- 1119, 1508, 1509, 1509, 1509, 1529, 1529, 1534, 1768.
- Lake Titicaca
- 59, 898.
- Lake Torrens
- 1489.
- Lake Trasimene
- 231.
- Lake Urmia
- 87, 116.
- Lake Vadimon
- 227.
- Lake Van
- 87, 87, 116, 118, 301, 307, 500, 2327.
- Lake Victoria
- 347, 362, 1506, 1537.
- Lake Winnipeg
- 1623.
- Lakhmids
- 286.
- Laksamana, Malay family
- 837, 837.
- Lakshmanasena, patron of Jayadeva
- 324.
- Lal, Devi, Indian leader
- 3982.
- Lal, Sundar
- 2432.
- Lala Lajput Rai, Indian leader
- 1398.
- La Liga Filipina
- 1481.
- La Linea
- 2777, 2922.
- Lalitavistara
- 130.
- Lamachus, Athenian general
- 197.
- Lamaist Buddhism
- 375.
- Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, scientist
- 1042.
- Lamartine, Alphonse de, French poet and leader
- 1037, 1081, 1081, 1092.
- Lamas, Carlos Saavedra, Argentine leader
- 2242.
- La Matanza, El Salvador
- 2281.
- Lamb, Charles, English essayist
- 600.
- Lambaesis
- 253.
- Lamba people
- 1539.
- Lambarène
- 1545.
- Lamberg, count, military leader
- 1087.
- Lambert, king of Italy
- 409, 409.
- Lambertini, Prospero
- See Benedict XIV, pope.
- Lambing Flat
- 1493.
- Lambros, Spyridon, Greek prime minister
- 1758.
- Lamennais, Félicité de, philosopher
- 1035.
- Lamizana, Sangoule, Upper Voltan leader
- 4330, 4330, 4330.
- Lampedusa, Giuseppe di, writer
- 2935.
- Lamphun
- 342.
- Lampson, Miles
- 2368.
- Lamu
- 362, 362, 1528, 1528.
- Lancaster, Pennsylvania
- 1599.
- Lancaster dynasty
- 514, 514, 515, 515.
- Lancaster House conference and accords
- 4467, 4467.
- Land, Edwin H., inventor
- 1736.
- Land Act, England
- 1168.
- Land and Liberty, Russian secret society
- 1260.
- Land Apportionment Act, Rhodesia
- 2572.
- Landau
- 622, 659, 659, 1102.
- Land Decree, Russia
- 2066.
- Lander, John, explorer
- 1507.
- Lander, Richard, explorer
- 1507, 1507.
- Land Freedom Army, Anyanya
- 4404.
- Landhaus, Vienna
- 1089.
- land laws
- 2066, 2068; Baltic states, 2084; Poland, 2119; Syria, 2375; Iraq, 2404; Morocco, 2417, 2417; Libya, 2430, 2430.
- Land League, Ireland
- 1169.
- Landless Movement, MSTA
- 3627, 3627, 3627.
- Landlord and Tenant Act, England
- 1168.
- Landon, Alfred M., U.S. leader
- 2206.
- land reform
- 397, 3880, 3904; Korea, 381, 382, 4190, 4190; Japan, 384, 384, 4223; Vietnam, 399, 399, 4259, 4276; Byzantium, 438; Czechoslovakia, 2014; Hungary, 2024; Finland, 2053; Lithuania, 2088; Latvia, 2098; Estonia, 2103; Poland, 2114, 3090; Yugoslavia, 2127; Greece, 2147; Bulgaria, 2161; Romania, 2174; Mexico, 2294, 2297, 2298, 2298, 3703; Syria, 2375, 3771; Mongolia, 2487; Tajikistan, 3374; Argentina, 3483; Chile, 3510, 3511; Bolivia, 3538; Peru, 3553, 3554, 3555, 3557; Ecuador, 3568; Colombia, 3577; Brazil, 3613, 3620, 3620, 3627; Panama, 3641; Guatemala, 3648, 3649; El Salvador, 3664; Nicaragua, 3678, 3683; Honduras, 3694, 3694; Cuba, 3715; Egypt, 3771, 3904; Turkey, 3787; Iran, 3817; Iraq, 3880, 3880; South Yemen, 3893; Algeria, 3931, 3931; Tunisia, 3943; Indonesia, 4124; China, 4142, 4145; Taiwan, 4183; Philippines, 4289, 4291, 4292; Africa, 4324; Zimbabwe, 4456, 4457, 4468, 4468, 4469, 4469, 4469. See agriculture.
- Landrum-Griffith Act
- See Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, U.S..
- Landsbergis, Vytautas, Lithuanian leader
- 3353, 3355.
- Landshut, battle of
- 664.
- Landsorganization, LO
- 1248, 1250.
- Landsting, Denmark
- 1078, 1251, 1251, 2038.
- Landstuhl
- 614.
- Landtag, Germany
- 1231, 1232, 1232, 1232, 1232.
- Landtag, Prussia
- 635, 1096, 1096, 1270.
- Land War, Ireland
- 1169.
- Lane, Allen, publisher
- 1850.
- Lane, John, developer of steel-blade plowshare
- 987.
- Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
- 444, 444, 466.
- Lang, John Thomas, Australian leader
- 2546.
- Lang, William, British commander in China
- 1420.
- Lange, David, New Zealand leader
- 4317, 4317, 4317.
- Lange, Halvard, Norwegian leader
- 2717.
- Langensalza
- 1102.
- Langerud García, Kjell, Guatemalan leader
- 3654.
- Langland, William, religious leader
- 513.
- Langley, Samuel P., aviation pioneer
- 990.
- Lango
- 2565.
- Langside, battle of
- 588.
- Lang Son, Vietnam
- 1419, 1474, 2527.
- Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury
- 445, 445.
- language
- 67, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 93, 95, 97, 102, 106, 106, 113, 113, 114, 117, 119, 124, 126, 127, 129, 129, 129, 129, 129, 130, 130, 130, 131, 131, 132, 132, 132, 133, 133, 133, 138, 156, 169, 170, 170, 175, 182, 222, 222, 222, 246, 246, 2554; Old Persian, 83, 124; Meroitic, 97; Proto-Elamite, 121; Sanskrit, 129, 129, 130, 130, 131, 131, 132, 133, 133, 294, 324, 324, 325, 325, 331, 370, 830; Prakrit, 129, 130, 132, 132, 133, 324; Syriac, 131, 294; Messapian, 222; Persian, 285, 292, 292, 296, 299, 300, 303, 305, 305, 307, 308, 332, 795, 813, 816, 1352, 1357, 1395; Arabic, 285, 286, 290, 290, 292, 292, 294, 296, 299, 300, 300, 301, 315, 317, 317, 319, 319, 321, 343, 343, 344, 347, 362, 444, 476, 479, 791, 796, 839, 1335, 1348, 1367, 1367, 1367, 1368, 1376, 1384, 1384, 1389, 1390, 1393, 1510; Pahlavi, 292; Greek, 294, 296, 401, 402, 410, 416, 429, 440; Latin, 295, 401, 402, 403, 407, 408, 410, 411, 416, 429, 479; Turkish, 299, 306, 308, 315, 319, 368, 795, 807, 1330, 1332, 1337, 1348, 1348, 1368, 1392, 1393; Chaghatay, 308; Hebrew, 315, 1336, 1346, 1376; Berber, 321; Telugu, 328; Malay, 329, 839; Burmese, 341; Pali, 341; Siamese, 342; Swahili, 343, 343, 347, 362, 1534; Bantu, 343, 343, 343, 347, 348, 362, 365, 365; African, 343, 347, 2554, 2578; Niger-Congo family, 343; Khoisan, 347; Sudanic, 347; Mande, 351; Mongolian, 375; Chinese, 384, 386, 392, 396, 397, 398, 399, 855, 856, 1416; Japanese, 384, 386, 392; Vietnamese, 399, 863, 863; Gothic, 403; Middle High German, 406; Romance, 411, 411, 411; Germanic, 411, 411; Celtic, 421; French, 422, 444, 598, 600, 1053, 1056, 1376, 1392, 1622; Gaelic, 425, 1170; Scandinavian, 426; Slavic, 430, 440, 1089, 1090, 1105, 1107; Cyrillic alphabet, 434; Slavonic, 434; English, 444, 448, 513, 513, 670, 1395, 1395, 1551, 1622; Anglo-Saxon, 444; Norman French, 444; Midland English, 513; Tupi-Guaraní, 570; Hindi, 580; Castillian, 604; Finnish, 766, 1080, 1254, 1254, 1254, 1254; Azeri Turkish, 813; Thai, 847; Korean, 855, 856, 1436; Tagalog, 867, 867, 2535; Dutch, 1053, 1053, 1053, 1414, 1551, 1555; Flemish, 1053; Hungarian, 1074, 1074; Danish, 1077; Icelandic, 1078; German, 1243, 1243, 1246; Magyar, 1246, 1246, 1246; Swedish, 1254, 1254, 1254; Polish, 1263, 1267, 1268, 1269; Russian, 1268; Bulgarian, 1298, 1299; Albanian, 1325; Bengali, 1394; Maori, 1500, 1503; Nguni, 1506; Mandingo, 1514; Amharic, 1522; Kiswahili, 1528; Xhosa, 1556; Quechua, 1668, 1670; Aymara, 1668, 1670; Romansch, 1969.
- Languedoc
- 415, 449, 452, 479, 521.
- Langue d'Oïl
- 520, 521, 521.
- Laniel, Joseph, French leader
- 2712, 2846, 2847, 4256.
- Lan Na
- 342.
- Lanquedoc Canal
- 713.
- Lan Sang
- 844, 845.
- Lansdowne, marquis of, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, colonial administrator
- 974, 1398, 1635.
- L'Anse aux Meadows
- 571.
- Lansing, Robert, U.S. secretary of state
- 1741, 1778, 1784.
- Lansing-Ishii Agreement, U.S.-Japan
- 2188, 2497.
- Lanusse, Alejandro, Argentine leader
- 3490, 3490.
- Laodicaea, Denizli
- 302.
- Laodice I, wife of Antiochus II
- 213.
- Lao monarchy
- 4100.
- Laon
- 413, 413, 414, 449, 524, 1754, 1789.
- Lao people
- 1409, 1409.
- Lao People's Liberation Army
- 4099, 4099.
- Laos
- 339, 845, 1402, 1409, 1409, 1475, 1475, 2453, 2453, 2453, 2453, 2625, 2644, 4047, 4047, 4069, 4069, 4082, 4088, 4093, 4093, 4093, 4093, 4093, 4094, 4094, 4094, 4096, 4096, 4096, 4097, 4097, 4098, 4099, 4099, 4099, 4100, 4100, 4101, 4101, 4101, 4101, 4101, 4101, 4101, 4102, 4102, 4102, 4103, 4183, 4255, 4256, 4256, 4264, 4264, 4269; and France, 2453, 4093, 4093, 4093; WWII, 2454; economy, 4047; struggle as nation, 4093; and U.S., 4094, 4096, 4097, 4098, 4099, 4099, 4099, 4101, 4102, 4273; and Russia, 4096, 4101, 4101, 4102; and China, 4099, 4101, 4102, 4102; Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), 4100.
- Lao She, writer
- 2478.
- Laotian war
- 4099.
- Laozi, Chinese philosopher
- 68, 145, 158, 370.
- La Paz
- 913, 1649, 1668, 1669, 2255, 2257, 3538.
- La Pérouse, Jean-François de, French navigator
- 866, 866.
- Lapita people
- 52.
- Laplace, Pierre, astronomer
- 1038.
- Lapland
- 3076.
- La Plata
- 898, 2242.
- La Pointe, Ernest, Canadian diplomat
- 2222.
- Laporte, Pierre, Quebec official
- 3455, 3455, 3455.
- Laprairie
- 1625.
- Lapua, Finnish Fascist organization
- 2056, 2056.
- Lapua, battle of
- 767.
- La Puerta
- 1650.
- Lapulapu, Philippines leader
- 867.
- Lara Bonilla, Rodrigo, Colombian leader
- 3581.
- Laraki, Azzedine, Moroccan leader
- 3924.
- La Raza Unida, U.S.
- 3417.
- La Reforma
- 2242.
- La-Révellière-Lépeaux, Louis, French leader
- 1009.
- Largo Caballero
- 1929, 1930.
- La Rioja
- 1658, 1660, 1660, 2899.
- Larissa
- 441, 500.
- Larkin, James, Irish union leader
- 1170.
- La Roche, marquis de, French colonizer in North America
- 920.
- La Rochelle
- 525, 599, 600.
- La Rosca
- 2255.
- La Rothière, battle of
- 1031.
- Larrain, Emiliano Figueroa, Chilean leader
- 2246.
- Larrazabal, Wolfgang, Venezuelan leader
- 3598.
- Larsa
- 84, 85, 85, 85.
- La Salle, sieur de, Robert Cavelier, French explorer
- 921, 921.
- Lasalleans, socialist group
- 1234.
- La Scala, Milan
- 743.
- Las Casas, Bartolomé de, Spanish historian and missionary
- 604, 897.
- Lashio
- 2627.
- Las Navas de Tolosa
- 475, 476, 479.
- Lasso, Jose Ayala, UN leader
- 2690.
- Lasso, Orlando di, composer
- 596, 607.
- Lastiri, Raúl, Argentine leader
- 3490.
- Las Vegas
- 3430, 3434.
- Las Villas
- 3715.
- Latakia
- 2371, 2376.
- La Tene technology
- 46.
- Lateran, synod of 1059
- 467.
- Lateran Councils
- 446, 468, 469, 469, 507, 609, 609.
- Lateran Palace, Rome
- 609.
- Lateran Treaties
- 1950, 1950.
- Later Han dynasty
- 155, 155, 156, 156, 156, 156, 156, 156, 156, 156, 158, 369, 397.
- Later Jin dynasty
- 369, 369, 852.
- Later Kogury
- 379.
- Later Liang dynasty
- 159, 369.
- Later Paekche
- 379.
- Later Qin dynasty
- 158.
- Later Tang dynasty
- 369, 370.
- Later Three Kingdoms period
- 378, 379, 379, 382.
- Later Three Years War, Japan
- 387.
- Later Zhou dynasty
- 369, 371.
- Lathyrus
- 218.
- Latimer, Hugh, English Protestant martyr
- 588.
- Latimer, 4th baron, William, impeachment of
- 513.
- Latin
- 222, 222, 235, 318, 403, 440, 534, 2330.
- Latin America
- 894, 894, 898, 908, 953, 954, 957, 957, 958, 961, 961, 961, 961, 1100, 1335, 1480, 1642, 1643, 1703, 1706, 2210, 2238, 2241, 2242, 2259, 2260, 2264, 2268, 2637, 2637, 2640, 2641, 2641, 2643, 2644, 2644, 2676, 2678, 2694, 2698, 2890, 3465, 3465, 3471, 3475, 3476, 3477, 3479, 3564, 3574, 3597, 3676, 3717, 3727; and Philippines, 867, 868; wars of independence, 1642, 1643; 1820–1914, 1657; WWI, 1770, 2238; and U.S., 2198, 2238, 2238, 2240, 2240, 2240, 2240, 2274, 3465, 3466, 3467, 3467, 3469, 3469, 3474, 3474; economy, 2238; between Wars, 2238, 2238; WWII, 2238, 2599; and Mexico, 2293; post-WWII economic and social change, 3465, 3465; post-WWII population growth, 3465; post-WWII political change, 3465; 1980s and 1990s politics, 3465; social change, 3465; native, mestizo, and black movements, 3465; regional diplomacy, 3466; late 1960s period of crisis, 3471; free trade, 3471; Andean common market, 3473, 3579; and globalization, 3475. See culture.
- Latin Empire of the East
- 507.
- Latin League
- 222, 225, 226, 226, 227.
- Latin War
- 222, 226, 227.
- Latium
- 221, 222, 222, 222, 225, 225, 229.
- Latorre, Lorenzo, Latin American leader
- 1667.
- La Trémoille, Georges
- 522.
- Lattre de Tassigny, Jean De, French commander
- 4255.
- Latvia
- 482, 1821, 1822, 1828, 1837, 1837, 1992, 2080, 2084, 2088, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2098, 2098, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2100, 2101, 2109, 2116, 2640, 2754, 2755, 2756, 3118, 3139, 3244, 3259, 3298, 3298, 3298, 3303, 3303, 3304, 3321, 3345, 3345, 3347, 3349, 3350, 3354, 3357; independence, 1774, 3300, 3345, 3346; WWI, 1803; and Russia, 2084, 3345, 3346, 3349; Republic of, 2096; occupation by Russia, 2101; WWII, 2593; Republic of Lativa, 3345; Russian recognition, 3346; citizenship, 3350.
- Latvian National Council
- 2096.
- Latvian Popular Front
- 3298.
- Lauca River
- 3538.
- Laud, William, archbishop of Canterbury
- 591, 591, 593, 927.
- Lauderdale, duke of, John Maitland, Scottish leader and Cabal member
- 675, 676.
- Laudon, Gideon von
- 664.
- Laudonnière, René Goulaine de, French colonizer in America
- 905, 920.
- Laue, Max von, physicist
- 1150.
- Lauenburg
- 1078, 1100, 1251.
- Launay, Bernard René Jordan de, Bastille commander
- 1001.
- Launceston
- 1487.
- Laupen, battle of
- 750.
- Laurent, François, Belgian scholar
- 1171.
- Laurier, Wilfrid
- 1637, 2219, 2221.
- Lausanne
- 411, 531, 625, 749; treaty of, 979, 1137, 1225, 1348, 1393, 1712, 1788, 2147, 2325; conference, 1711, 1712, 1721, 1830, 1966, 2193.
- Lautaro, leader of Mapuche Indians
- 899, 899.
- Lautrec, vicomte de, Odet de Foix, French general
- 614.
- Lautulae
- 227.
- Laval, Carl Gustav de, inventor
- 982, 987, 1251.
- Laval, Pierre, French leader
- 1901, 1911, 1912, 1912, 1916, 1917, 1917, 2590; collaboration, 2839.
- Lavalas Family Party, Haiti
- 3755, 3755.
- Lavalle, Juan, Latin American leader
- 1658, 1658.
- Lavalleja, Antonio, Latin American leader
- 1647, 1647.
- Lavater, Johannes C., Swiss writer
- 749.
- La Venta
- 54.
- Lavigérie, Charles, cardinal in Africa
- 1195, 1516, 1517.
- Lavin, Joaquin, Chilean leader
- 3521.
- Lavinium
- 223.
- Lavoisier, Antoine, chemist
- 647, 1041.
- Lavrov, Peter, Russian leader
- 1260.
- law
- 85, 95, 105, 131, 239, 260, 266; Ottoman Empire, 794, 797; Montenegro, 1296, 1297; Korea, 1429; Japan, 1455.
- Law, Andrew Bonar, British prime minister
- 1839.
- Law, John, financier
- 715, 715, 715.
- Lawes, J. B., manufacturer of superphosphates
- 987.
- Law for the Encouragement of Industry
- 2329.
- Law of Association
- 8, 8.
- Law of Guaranties, Italy
- 1219.
- Law of Liquidation, Egypt
- 1372.
- Law of 28 Pluviôse, France
- 1014.
- Law of 22 Prairial, France
- 1007.
- Law of Return, Israel
- 3858.
- Law of Social Defense, Argentina
- 1661.
- Law of Succession, Russia
- 786.
- Law of Superposition, principle of stratigraphic geology
- 4.
- Law of the Double Vote, France
- 1059.
- Law of the Good Reason, Portugal
- 730.
- Law of the Sea Treaty
- 2679.
- Law of the Septennate, France
- 1190.
- Lawrence, Kansas
- 1583.
- Lawrence, D. H., writer
- 1839.
- Lawrence, Ernest O., American physicist
- 1730.
- Lawrence, baron, John Mair, viceroy of India
- 1397.
- Lawrence, Thomas E., Lawrence of Arabia
- 1752.
- Law Rivet-Vitet, France
- 1189.
- Lawson, William, English explorer
- 1488.
- Law to Reduce Unemployment, Nazi Germany
- 1986.
- Laxman, Adam, envoy to Japan
- 1437.
- Lay, Horatio N., inspector general in China
- 1417.
- Laye, Camara, writer
- 4320.
- Layne, Tamisrat, Ethiopian leader
- 4397.
- Layton, Walter
- 2588.
- Layton-Wiggin report, and international finance
- 1720.
- Lazar I, prince of Serbia
- 563, 563.
- Lazar III, prince of Serbia
- 563, 563.
- Lázár, György, Hungarian leader
- 3152, 3154.
- Lazarites
- 1522; in Africa, 892.
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