- Isma‘il Mazhar, scholar
- 2357.
- Isma‘il Pasha, governor of Damascus
- 806.
- Isma‘il Sidqi, Egyptian leader
- 2354, 2361, 2361, 2362, 2364.
- Ismay, 1st baron, Hastings, UN and NATO leader
- 2711, 2717.
- Inönü, Ismet
- 3799.
- Isocrates, Greek orator
- 186.
- isolationism
- 2187.
- Isonzo, battles of the
- 1747, 1757, 1757, 1799, 1804, 1804, 1804, 1804, 1804, 1804, 1805, 1805, 1805.
- Isperikh, Asperuch
- 439.
- Israel
- 25, 87, 87, 87, 87, 93, 93, 94, 100, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 106, 106, 106, 109, 1176, 1229, 1346, 1701, 2386, 2390, 2638, 2639, 2640, 2641, 2643, 2655, 2664, 2667, 2669, 2672, 2674, 2675, 2676, 2679, 2680, 2685, 2689, 2694, 2698, 2698, 2750, 2757, 2769, 3037, 3040, 3270, 3456, 3502, 3768, 3768, 3769, 3769, 3770, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3772, 3773, 3773, 3774, 3774, 3774, 3775, 3776, 3776, 3777, 3777, 3778, 3779, 3781, 3782, 3783, 3784, 3784, 3785, 3786, 3786, 3786, 3842, 3843, 3844, 3844, 3848, 3849, 3851, 3852, 3853, 3853, 3853, 3853, 3856, 3857, 3857, 3857, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3858, 3859, 3859, 3859, 3859, 3860, 3860, 3860, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3861, 3862, 3862, 3862, 3862, 3862, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3864, 3864, 3864, 3864, 3864, 3865, 3865, 3865, 3865, 3865, 3866, 3866, 3866, 3866, 3866, 3866, 3866, 3867, 3867, 3867, 3868, 3868, 3868, 3868, 3869, 3869, 3869, 3869, 3869, 3869, 3871, 3874, 3875, 3875, 3875, 3875, 3875, 3876, 3878, 3884, 3902, 3906, 3907, 3910, 3910, 3910, 3914, 3917, 3918, 3949, 4429; Israeli Defense Forces, 2386, 3856; established, 2636; and U.S., 3401, 3771, 3774; and Egypt, 3426; and Palestinians, 3437; Arabs' attack on (1948), 3769, 3769, 3769; establishment, 3856; Arab flight, 3857; economic changes in 1950s–1970s, 3857; Jews, 3858. See Arab-Israeli Wars.
- Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles
- 3768.
- Israelite Church
- 1558.
- Israelites
- 101, 104, 104, 104.
- Israelite sect
- 2577.
- Issas group, Djibouti
- 4393.
- Istanbul
- 313, 314, 314, 314, 315, 315, 315, 601, 1327, 1328, 1328, 1328, 1329, 1329, 1331, 1332, 1332, 1332, 1334, 1334, 1334, 1335, 1335, 1335, 1336, 1336, 1343, 1343, 1346, 1346, 1346, 1346, 1347, 1347, 1348, 1374, 1392, 1749, 1753, 2064, 2325, 2325, 2592, 2704, 2958, 3790, 3799; fires in, 1336; conference on the Balkans, 1342, 1342; uprising in, 1348. See Constantinople.
- Istanbul, University of
- 1347, 2332.
- Isthmian Canal
- 1612.
- Isthmian Games
- 211, 233.
- Isthmus of Corinth
- 168, 189, 427, 1759.
- Isthmus of Panama
- 573, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895.
- Istifan al-Duwayhi, Lebanese historian
- 805.
- Istiqlal Party, Iraq
- 3878.
- Istiqlal Party, Morocco
- 2422, 3919, 3927.
- Istria
- 410, 416, 485, 1746, 1785.
- Ita'amra, Arabian king
- 128.
- Itagaki, Taisuke
- 1450, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1459.
- Itaipu, treaty of
- 3523.
- Italia
- 237.
- Italian-Austrian Tyrol agreement
- 3033.
- Italian East Africa
- See Ethiopia.
- Italian-French relations
- 1114.
- Italian-German relations
- 1952, 1954, 1954, 1957, 1957, 1960, 1960, 1960.
- Italian-Japanese relations
- 1833.
- Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity
- 2938.
- Italian Somaliland
- 2612.
- Italian-Spanish relations
- 1114.
- Italiote League
- 200, 206.
- Italy
- 71, 171, 178, 178, 178, 182, 182, 184, 184, 184, 184, 184, 190, 190, 200, 204, 205, 206, 211, 211, 220, 220, 221, 222, 222, 222, 222, 222, 223, 223, 224, 226, 227, 227, 227, 228, 228, 229, 229, 231, 232, 232, 233, 233, 234, 235, 235, 235, 236, 236, 237, 237, 237, 237, 237, 237, 238, 239, 239, 239, 240, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 242, 243, 243, 245, 246, 246, 246, 249, 251, 251, 251, 251, 253, 253, 254, 255, 255, 257, 258, 261, 261, 261, 262, 262, 262, 264, 265, 265, 265, 266, 269, 269, 270, 281, 293, 314, 314, 353, 402, 403, 403, 403, 406, 406, 406, 406, 406, 406, 406, 406, 406, 406, 408, 408, 408, 408, 408, 408, 408, 408, 408, 409, 409, 409, 410, 410, 410, 410, 411, 411, 411, 411, 413, 413, 415, 415, 416, 416, 416, 416, 417, 417, 417, 421, 427, 428, 430, 430, 433, 435, 436, 437, 438, 438, 439, 443, 443, 444, 451, 454, 455, 455, 455, 455, 455, 455, 456, 456, 456, 456, 456, 456, 457, 458, 458, 458, 458, 458, 458, 459, 459, 459, 459, 459, 465, 471, 472, 484, 484, 498, 498, 499, 499, 501, 502, 502, 502, 505, 511, 511, 526, 530, 530, 530, 530, 530, 530, 530, 530, 531, 531, 531, 532, 532, 532, 533, 533, 533, 533, 534, 534, 535, 535, 535, 536, 536, 536, 536, 537, 537, 537, 537, 538, 540, 540, 540, 546, 546, 548, 560, 560, 560, 561, 565, 568, 569, 584, 584, 597, 597, 599, 600, 600, 600, 600, 601, 601, 602, 602, 603, 604, 607, 607, 607, 607, 607, 607, 607, 607, 607, 607, 607, 608, 608, 608, 609, 609, 609, 609, 611, 612, 612, 612, 612, 612, 614, 614, 615, 625, 626, 626, 635, 643, 644, 644, 654, 657, 657, 658, 659, 660, 722, 723, 723, 723, 724, 735, 735, 735, 735, 735, 735, 738, 739, 739, 740, 741, 746, 746, 746, 746, 746, 746, 746, 797, 800, 837, 954, 957, 965, 967, 967, 974, 976, 979, 999, 1009, 1009, 1011, 1011, 1017, 1026, 1026, 1032, 1032, 1035, 1045, 1059, 1066, 1066, 1066, 1066, 1066, 1066, 1066, 1068, 1068, 1069, 1069, 1069, 1069, 1070, 1073, 1081, 1087, 1091, 1091, 1091, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1093, 1093, 1095, 1100, 1102, 1102, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1104, 1106, 1108, 1110, 1111, 1114, 1114, 1114, 1115, 1115, 1115, 1118, 1123, 1126, 1126, 1129, 1131, 1135, 1136, 1136, 1137, 1137, 1139, 1182, 1204, 1210, 1211, 1215, 1216, 1218, 1219, 1219, 1222, 1222, 1223, 1223, 1225, 1233, 1235, 1239, 1243, 1279, 1280, 1297, 1318, 1391, 1393, 1699, 1699, 1702, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1708, 1710, 1719, 1721, 1722, 1724, 1724, 1725, 1725, 1725, 1727, 1738, 1738, 1738, 1738, 1757, 1804, 1814, 1817, 1818, 1838, 1838, 1853, 1941, 1946, 1954, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2139, 2192, 2317, 2321, 2431, 2543, 2633, 2640, 2673, 2700, 2706, 2708, 2708, 2710, 2710, 2711, 2711, 2713, 2713, 2713, 2714, 2714, 2714, 2717, 2718, 2724, 2725, 2727, 2748, 2756, 2756, 2756, 2825, 2833, 2836, 2884, 2885, 2910, 2925, 2925, 2927, 2927, 2928, 2929, 2932, 2939, 2939, 2940, 2943, 2943, 2945, 2945, 2946, 2946, 2946, 2947, 2948, 2950, 2950, 2950, 2951, 2952, 2955, 2960, 2972, 2973, 2997, 3032, 3037, 3039, 3082, 3167, 3280, 3443, 3779, 4390; and Lombards, 408; growth of towns, 408; and England, 446; and Byzantines, 500; kingdom of, 747, 1213, 1219; and Africa, 886, 971, 1506, 1523, 1523, 1523, 4399; unification of, 1099, 1100, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1212, 1218; and North Africa, 1117, 1133, 1225, 1348, 2426, 2427, 2636; and Ethiopia, 1121, 1219, 1220, 1222, 1222, 1222, 1523, 1952, 1953, 1953, 1954, 1954, 2562, 2563, 2563, 2563, 2563, 2563; and Ottoman Empire, 1137, 1348, 2320; and Austria, 1216, 1956, 2010, 2011; and Middle East, 1329, 2415; and Libya, 1331, 1392, 1393, 1393, 1393, 2429, 2429, 2430, 2431, 2431, 2431, 2431, 2431, 3947, 3947; and Tunisia, 1390; and China, 1424; and Korea, 1430; and Latin America, 1676, 2247, 2263, 2266, 2273, 2273, 2278, 2285, 2289, 2299, 2300, 2307, 2314, 2316; London Naval Conference, 1698; WWI, 1744, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1746, 1746, 1746, 1746, 1746, 1746, 1746, 1746, 1747, 1749, 1750, 1752, 1754, 1756, 1757, 1757, 1757, 1757, 1757, 1757, 1758, 1760, 1769, 1769, 1771, 1778, 1778, 1778, 1778, 1779, 1779, 1780, 1780, 1783, 1784, 1784, 1784, 1784, 1788, 1788, 1798, 1799, 1799, 1804, 1805, 1941, 1941; between Wars, 1817, 1818, 1821, 1822, 1822, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1826, 1827, 1830, 1830, 1832, 1832, 1833, 1833, 1834, 1834, 1835, 1835, 1835, 1835, 1835, 1835, 1836, 1836, 1837, 1837, 1851, 1852, 1941, 1941, 1941, 1943, 1943, 1943, 1945, 1952, 1953, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1958; and Greece, 1817, 2157, 2157, 2158; invasion of Ethiopia, 1832, 1833, 1912; and Spain, 1833, 1922, 1929, 1929, 1930, 1930, 1930, 1932, 1932, 1954; and France, 1912, 1951, 1956, 1958; and Albania, 1943, 1948, 1957, 2157; and papacy, 1950; and Bulgaria, 1951, 2165; Great Depression, 1952; and Czechoslovakia, 1956, 2018; and Great Britain, 1958, 1958; and Russia, 1959; and U.S., 1959, 2210, 2626; WWII, 1960, 1961, 1961, 1962, 2521, 2585, 2586, 2587, 2590, 2590, 2590, 2591, 2591, 2591, 2593, 2604, 2606, 2608, 2608, 2609, 2609, 2610, 2611, 2611, 2611, 2611, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2615, 2617, 2618, 2619, 2621, 2621, 2632, 2632, 2632, 2634; and Switzerland, 1969; and Hungary, 2027, 2028; and Baltic region, 2088, 2089, 2091; and Balkan Peninsula, 2134, 2136, 2136, 2138, 2138, 2141, 2141, 2141, 2141, 2142, 2142, 2143, 2172, 2176, 2178, 2185; declaration of war on U.S., 2211; and Turkey, 2322, 2324; WWII merchant tonnage, 2604, 2604; WWII surrender, 2617; WWII settlement, 2635, 2635; former colonies, 2638; economic recovery, 2700; Republic, 2925; postwar colonialism, 2926; WWII peace treaty, 2926; economy in north and south, 2927; WWII cost, 2927; and postwar colonialism, 2928; post-WWII, 2929; modern economy, 2941; modern politics, 2942, 2947; minority languages, 2945; European currency, 2951.
- Itami Jz, film director
- 4246.
- Ithome
- 191.
- I’timad al-Saltana, writer
- 1351.
- Itj-towy
- 92, 92.
- It, Hirobumi
- 1419, 1431, 1436, 1442, 1449, 1450, 1452, 1454, 1454, 1454, 1456, 1457, 1459, 1460, 1460, 1467, 1467, 2488.
- Itsekiri
- 4372.
- Ittobaal I, king of Tyre
- 104, 109, 109.
- Ittobaal II, king of Tyre
- 109.
- Ittobaal III, king of Tyre
- 109.
- Iturbide, Agustín de, Mexican leader (later emperor Agustín I)
- 957, 1653, 1653, 1653, 1653, 1654.
- Ituzaingó, battle of
- 1647, 1658.
- Itzehoe
- 1077.
- Ivan I Kalita, grand prince of Moscow
- 558, 558.
- Ivan III, the Great
- 558, 558, 558, 575, 629, 632.
- Ivan IV, the Terrible
- 629, 629, 629, 629, 629, 629, 630, 630, 630, 630, 631, 632.
- Ivan V, tsar of Russia
- 784.
- Ivan VI, tsar of Russia
- 783.
- Ivangorod, battle of
- 1739, 1792, 1794.
- Iviza
- 477.
- Ivorian Popular Front, Ivory Coast
- 4354.
- ivory
- 889, 889, 889, 1528, 1538, 1538, 1539, 1546, 1549.
- Ivory Coast
- 358, 873, 1511, 1517, 2555, 2558, 2559, 2644, 4323, 4324, 4325, 4327, 4353, 4353, 4354, 4354, 4357; independence, 4353; student unrest, 4353.
- Ivry, battle of
- 599.
- Iwakura, Tomomi
- 1449.
- Iwo, Yoruba state
- 875.
- Iwo Jima, battle of
- 2631.
- IWW
- See Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).
- Iyengar, Srinivasa, Indian leader
- 2437.
- Izanagi
- 167.
- Izanami
- 167.
- Izetbegovic, Alija, Bosnian leader
- 3184, 3187, 3189.
- Izmailov, L. V., Russian merchant in China
- 852.
- Izmir
- 306, 312, 315, 1110, 1329, 1332, 1337, 1340, 3790.
- Izmit, Turkey
- 3804.
- Iznik, Nicaea
- 301, 302.
- Izumo
- 167.
|
- Jaabaek, Søren, Norwegian leader
- 1247.
- Jabala
- 2418.
- Jabal al-Akhdar
- 3896.
- Jabal al-Gharb
- 1392.
- Jabal Druze
- 2374, 3839.
- Jabal Nafusa
- 292.
- Jabal Shammar
- 820, 1359.
- Jabir ibn Abdallah, sheik of Kuwait
- 1358.
- Jablochkoff, P., developer of public lighting system
- 990.
- Jablonski, Henryk, Polish leader
- 3105.
- Jaca, garrison
- 1924.
- J'accuse, by Zola
- 1195.
- Jackson, Andrew, U.S. president
- 1563, 1572, 1574, 1574, 1574, 1575, 1575, 1575, 1575, 1576, 1576, 1576, 1576.
- Jackson, Jesse, civil rights leader
- 3390, 3428, 3428.
- Jackson, Mississippi
- 3413.
- Jackson, Thomas (Stonewall), Confederate commander
- 1587, 1588.
- Jackson State College
- 3420.
- Jackson-Vanik amendment, U.S.
- 4282.
- Jacob
- 104.
- Jacobi, Karl, mathematician
- 1039.
- Jacobins
- 469, 1001, 1003, 1005, 1005, 1006, 1007; Austria-Hungary, 760. See Dominicans.
- Jacobites, Great Britain
- 681, 684, 684, 685, 687.
- Jacobsen, Jens, writer
- 1252.
- Jacquard, Joseph M., inventor
- 985.
- Jacqueline, countess of Holland
- 595.
- Jacquerie, France
- 521.
- Jadar, battle of the
- 1792.
- Jaddua, high priest of Judah
- 105.
- Jadid, Salah, Syrian leader
- 3841, 3841.
- Jadotville, Congo
- 4434. See Likasi, Congo.
- Jadwiga, Hedwig
- 555, 555, 557.
- Jaen, battle of
- 476.
- Ja'far, Sufi leader
- 307.
- Ja’far al-Sadiq, Shi'ite leader
- 293.
- Ja'fari, Sunni school of law
- 817.
- Jaffa
- 505, 1332, 1335, 2387, 2390, 2391, 3855.
- Jaffna
- 4036, 4037.
- Jaga
- 885, 886, 886.
- Jagan, Cheddi, African leader
- 3756, 3756, 3758, 3766.
- Jagan, Janet, African leader
- 3766, 3767.
- Jagannath, temple of
- 337.
- Jagdeo, Bharrat, Guyanese leader
- 3767.
- Jagellon dynasty, Poland
- 632, 633.
- Jagiello, grand duke of Lithuania and king of Poland as Vladislav V
- 555, 555, 555, 555, 555, 557, 557.
- Jagiello family, rulers of Bohemia
- 634.
- Jahangir, Mughal emperor
- 831, 832, 832, 834.
- Jahan Shah, Qara-Qoyunlu leader
- 307, 308.
- Jahwarids of Córdoba
- 475.
- Jainism
- 129, 129, 129, 129, 129, 133, 133, 325, 326, 326, 327, 331, 331, 331, 331, 336, 337, 832.
- Jaipal, ruler of India
- 325, 325.
- Jakarta
- 841, 2688, 4109, 4122, 4126, 4137.
- Jakes, Milos, Czech leader
- 3133, 3133, 3133.
- Jalal al-din, Khwarazm-shah leader
- 303.
- Jalal al-Din Rumi, poet
- 305.
- Jalal al-E Ahmad, writer
- 2341, 3817.
- Jalandhara
- 130.
- Jalapa
- 911.
- Jalayirids
- 306, 307.
- Jalili dynasty
- 806, 1331.
- Jalisco
- 902, 903, 3709.
- Jallonke
- 871.
- Jamaat-i-Islami, Pakistan
- 2644, 3996, 3997.
- Jamaica
- 572, 572, 648, 895, 906, 1650, 2187, 2587, 2599, 2656, 2673, 2797, 3471, 3719, 3756, 3756, 3756, 3757, 3757, 3757, 3759, 3760, 3762, 3763; immigration to Canada, 1623; and U.S., 3763.
- Jamaica Labor Party, JLP
- 3763.
- Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, activist
- 1346, 1351, 1372.
- Jamal Khan, minister of Ahmadnagar
- 832.
- Jambi, Sumatra
- 840, 840, 841, 841.
- James, St.
- 250.
- James, duke of York
- 675, 935.
- James I, king of England (James VI of Scotland)
- 588, 589, 589, 589, 589, 589, 589, 589, 590, 590, 590, 590, 610, 617, 682, 832.
- James I, the Conqueror
- 479, 479.
- James I, king of Scotland
- 517, 517.
- James II, king of Aragon
- 470, 526, 533.
- James II, king of England
- 668, 676, 676, 676, 676, 677, 677, 677, 679, 680, 683, 695, 695, 696, 697, 934, 934.
- James II, king of Scotland
- 517.
- James III, king of Scotland
- See James Edward (the Old Pretender), son of James II.
- James IV, king of Scotland
- 585, 585, 585.
- James VI
- See James I, king of England (James VI of Scotland).
- James VIII
- See James Edward (the Old Pretender), son of James II.
- James, Edison
- 3765.
- James, William, psychologist and philosopher
- 1144.
- James Edward, the Old Pretender
- 683, 684, 687.
- James of Lusignan
- 539.
- Jameson, Leander Starr
- 1121, 1547, 1557.
- Jameson Raid, South Africa
- 1121, 1557.
- James River
- 924, 1587.
- James the Greater, St.
- 420.
- Jamestown
- 924, 924, 925, 925, 937.
- Jammeh, Gambian leader
- 4343.
- Jammu
- 3959, 3987, 3989, 4013, 4014.
- Jammu-Kashmir
- 2696.
- Janata Dal Parliamentary Party, India
- 3982.
- Janata Party, India
- 3973, 3974, 3977.
- Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, JVP
- 4032.
- Janbalat, Kamal, Lebanese leader
- 3845, 3848.
- Janbalat, Walid, Lebanese leader
- 3848.
- Janbardi al-Ghazali, Mamluk leader
- 792.
- Jandarid
- 310, 314.
- Janet, Pierre, psychologist
- 1144.
- Janiculum
- 227.
- Janikli family
- 1328.
- Janina
- 313, 564, 566, 1137, 1138, 1273.
- Janissaries
- 306, 310, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316, 575, 799, 800, 800, 801, 803, 805, 805, 807, 807, 809, 810, 810, 810, 811, 811, 811, 826, 827, 827, 827, 1328, 1328, 1329.
- Jankau, battle of
- 622.
- Jan Mayen Island
- 2045, 3058.
- Jansen, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres
- 712, 736, 736.
- Jansenism
- 712, 714, 736, 736, 737, 737, 737.
- Jansky, Karl, astronomer
- 1730.
- Janson, Paul, Belgian leader
- 1890.
- Japan
- 28, 39, 50, 50, 50, 129, 130, 153, 158, 160, 160, 161, 161, 162, 163, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 167, 167, 167, 167, 167, 167, 167, 279, 279, 279, 281, 281, 367, 375, 376, 377, 378, 378, 380, 380, 383, 383, 383, 383, 383, 383, 384, 384, 384, 384, 384, 385, 385, 385, 386, 386, 386, 386, 386, 387, 387, 387, 387, 388, 388, 390, 394, 395, 395, 395, 395, 395, 396, 396, 396, 396, 396, 396, 576, 580, 604, 609, 837, 841, 841, 850, 851, 851, 855, 857, 857, 857, 857, 857, 857, 857, 857, 857, 857, 857, 858, 858, 858, 858, 858, 859, 859, 859, 859, 859, 859, 859, 860, 860, 860, 860, 860, 861, 861, 861, 861, 861, 954, 955, 956, 956, 956, 957, 957, 957, 961, 961, 965, 965, 966, 966, 967, 969, 969, 972, 972, 973, 974, 975, 1128, 1129, 1260, 1262, 1424, 1424, 1424, 1424, 1424, 1425, 1427, 1430, 1430, 1430, 1432, 1437, 1437, 1437, 1438, 1438, 1440, 1442, 1446, 1448, 1449, 1449, 1450, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1456, 1457, 1460, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1469, 1471, 1471, 1471, 1497, 1497, 1699, 1699, 1699, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1706, 1706, 1707, 1710, 1716, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1721, 1721, 1722, 1725, 1726, 1738, 1738, 1795, 1831, 1833, 2078, 2125, 2192, 2198, 2413, 2444, 2452, 2473, 2474, 2476, 2488, 2494, 2495, 2499, 2501, 2502, 2509, 2510, 2511, 2512, 2513, 2513, 2516, 2516, 2520, 2520, 2524, 2524, 2524, 2524, 2524, 2527, 2530, 2530, 2531, 2531, 2535, 2549, 2623, 2624, 2625, 2627, 2632, 2634, 2637, 2637, 2637, 2640, 2640, 2640, 2641, 2641, 2643, 2643, 2644, 2651, 2665, 2670, 2670, 2673, 2686, 2689, 2696, 2892, 3279, 3475, 3616, 3712, 4029, 4048, 4064, 4073, 4075, 4086, 4093, 4093, 4117, 4135, 4143, 4160, 4162, 4183, 4203, 4205, 4212, 4214, 4217, 4220, 4223, 4225, 4225, 4226, 4226, 4229, 4231, 4233, 4233, 4236, 4239, 4239, 4241, 4241, 4243, 4245, 4246, 4246, 4247, 4279, 4289, 4295; postclassical society, 384, 384, 384, 385; feudalism, 389, 394, 396; and Southeast Asia, 847, 2449, 2451, 2452, 2454, 2454, 2455, 2455, 2455, 2456, 2456, 2456, 2457, 2457, 2457; invasion of Korea, 851, 855, 856, 856, 856, 858, 858; and Korea, 856, 1419, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1429, 1430, 1430, 1431, 1431, 1432, 1432, 1432, 1433, 1433, 1435, 1435, 1436, 1436, 1436, 1436, 1436, 1436, 1436, 1436, 1450, 1451, 1454, 1456, 1458, 1459, 1462, 1463, 1465, 2488, 2488, 2488, 2488, 2488, 2488, 2488, 2488, 2488, 2489, 2489, 2489, 2489, 2489, 2490, 2490, 2490, 2490, 2490, 2491, 2491, 2491, 2491, 2492, 2492, 2493, 2493, 2493, 2493, 2493, 2493, 2493, 2493, 2493, 2499, 4189, 4189, 4204, 4204, 4212, 4236; and China, 1415, 1418, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1427, 1442, 1449, 1456, 1457, 1459, 4227, 4227, 4227, 4228, 4229, 4232, 4236, 4239, 4240, 4241, 4244; and Boxer Uprising, 1424, 1435, 1460; and Russo-Japanese War, 1436, 1615; annexation of Korea, 1436, 1436, 1467, 1468; opening to foreign trade, 1437, 1438, 1438, 1438, 1439, 1447, 1582; and U.S., 1441, 1615, 2188, 2194, 2200, 2211, 2497, 2503, 2504, 2521, 3396, 3418, 4224, 4225, 4225, 4226, 4226, 4226, 4226, 4227, 4228, 4229, 4232, 4233, 4233, 4234, 4236, 4237, 4238, 4238, 4241, 4241, 4241, 4245, 4245, 4246, 4247, 4247; and Russia, 1451, 1462, 1468, 2496, 2502, 2502, 2505, 2519, 2519, 2519, 2591, 2623, 2624, 2625, 4231, 4231, 4231, 4235, 4237, 4244; Russo-Japanese War, 1462, 1462, 1462, 1462, 1463, 1463, 1463, 1463; and Germany, 1472, 2500, 2500, 2519, 2519; WWI, 1472, 1768, 1770, 1784, 1784, 2494, 2494, 2498, 2498, 2498, 2530; London Naval Conference, 1698, 1723; between Wars, 1817, 2459, 2494; and Baltic region, 2089; and Balkan Peninsula, 2176; WWII, 2210, 2459, 2479, 2479, 2479, 2479, 2479, 2479, 2479, 2479, 2480, 2480, 2480, 2480, 2480, 2480, 2480, 2480, 2480, 2481, 2481, 2481, 2481, 2482, 2482, 2483, 2483, 2483, 2485, 2485, 2486, 2486, 2493, 2493, 2519, 2520, 2520, 2520, 2521, 2521, 2521, 2521, 2521, 2522, 2522, 2523, 2523, 2523, 2531, 2531, 2531, 2531, 2532, 2532, 2533, 2533, 2535, 2536, 2536, 2591, 2591, 2600, 2600, 2603, 2604, 2606, 2609, 2616, 2624, 2624, 2624, 2624, 2624, 2625, 2625, 2625, 2625, 2625, 2625, 2625, 2625, 2626, 2626, 2626, 2626, 2627, 2627, 2627, 2627, 2627, 2627, 2627, 2627, 2627, 2627, 2628, 2628, 2628, 2629, 2629, 2630, 2630, 2630, 2630, 2631, 2631, 2631, 2631, 2631, 2631, 2631, 2631, 2632, 2632, 2636, 2636, 2641, 4142, 4170, 4189, 4190, 4253; attack on U.S., 2211; declaration of war by U.S., 2211; atomic bomb, 2216; and Latin America, 2247, 2263, 2266, 2268, 2278, 2285, 2287, 2289, 2300, 2307, 2314, 2316; and India, 2435; and East Asia, 2459; occupation of Manchuria, 2473; Guandong Army, 2473, 2508, 2511, 2519; makeup, 2500, 2510, 4241; economy and society 1920s and 1930s, 2507; Great Depression, 2509, 2509; WWII settlement, 2523, 2631, 2634, 2634; and Vietnam, 2527, 2528, 2529, 2529; and Indochina, 2528; WWII merchant tonnage, 2604, 2604; and Thailand, 2626; WWII losses, 2628, 2630, 2631, 2631, 2631; WWII surrender, 2645; and Peru, 3563, 3564, 3566; occupation, 4223, 4223, 4223, 4224, 4225, 4225; ratification of WWII peace, 4226; student unrest, 4234, 4238, 4238; and France, 4235; economic changes in 1970–1990s, 4241, 4241, 4241, 4245, 4246, 4246, 4250, 4251. See Sino-Japanese relations.
- Japan Democratic Party
- 4229.
- Japanese Americans
- 1615, 2187, 2210.
- Japanese Canadians
- 2217, 2234.
- Jara, Albino, Latin American leader
- 1666.
- Jaramillo, Bernardo, Colombian leader
- 3585.
- Jaramillo, Rubén, Mexican leader
- 3701.
- Jarnac, battle of
- 598.
- Jaroslav, battle of
- 1792, 1794.
- Jaroszewicz, Piotr, Polish leader
- 3099.
- Jarrès, Karl, German leader
- 1980.
- Jarring, Gunnar, UN diplomat
- 2664.
- Jarrow
- 422.
- Jaruzelski, Wojciech, Polish leader
- 3102, 3102, 3102, 3103, 3104, 3105, 3107, 3108, 3110, 3112.
- Jaspers, Karl, philosopher
- 1815.
- Jassy
- 1314, 1317, 1760, 2597; treaty of, 789, 809.
- Jatakamala
- 131.
- Jatiya Dal, Bangladesh
- 4023.
- Jatiya Party, Bangladesh
- 4023.
- Jatiya Sangsad, Bangladeshi parliament
- 4018.
- Jats
- 834.
- Jaunpur
- 333, 333.
- Jaurès, Jean, French socialist
- 1901, 1905.
- Java
- 20, 79, 132, 133, 158, 281, 329, 339, 339, 339, 339, 339, 340, 375, 837, 837, 839, 840, 840, 840, 841, 841, 845, 1057, 1394, 1402, 1410, 1412, 1412, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1414, 1494, 2456, 2627, 4047, 4119, 4119, 4120, 4124, 4125, 4136; revolt against the Dutch, 1412; resistance movement, 1414.
- Java Sea, battle of the
- 2627.
- Javier de Balmis, Francisco, Spanish physician in the New World
- 908.
- Jawara, Dawda
- 4343, 4343, 4343, 4343, 4343.
- Jawhar Shad, wife of Shah Rukh
- 307.
- Jay, John, U.S. envoy
- 1565.
- Jayadeva, writer
- 324.
- Jayasimha Siddharaja, ruler of India
- 331.
- Jayavarman VII, king of Angkor
- 340, 340.
- Jayawardene, Junius R., Sri Lankan leader
- 4033, 4034, 4035, 4035, 4035, 4037, 4037.
- Jay's Treaty
- 1565, 1565, 1623.
- Jazira
- 1331.
- Jazuli order
- 823.
- jazz, U.S.
- 2191.
- Jean, grand duke of Luxembourg
- 2836, 2836, 2837.
- Jean de Meun, writer
- 452.
- Jeanne, daughter of Louis XI of France
- 597.
- Jeanne, queen of Navarre
- 520, 520, 521.
- Jeanne d'Arc
- See Joan of Arc.
- Jeanne de Nemours, mother of Victor Amadeus II
- 738.
- Jebusites
- 103, 104.
- Jedda
- 1751.
- Jefferson, Thomas, U.S. president
- 1392, 1565, 1565, 1565, 1565, 1566, 1566, 1568, 1568, 1568, 1569, 1569; in the American Revolution, 947; as vice president, 1565.
- prince Jefri Bolkiah, Brunei leader
- 4118, 4118.
- Jehangir, Turkish leader
- 1416.
- Jehoash, king of Judah
- 105.
- Jehoiachin, king of Judah
- 105, 105.
- Jehoiakim, king of Judah
- 105.
- Jehol
- 853.
- Jehoram, king of Israel
- 104, 105, 105.
- Jehoshaphat, king of Judah
- 104, 105.
- Jehu, king of Israel
- 105.
- Jekov, Nicholas, Bulgarian commander
- 1797.
- Jelalis, Ottoman rebels
- 799, 799, 800.
- Jelavic, Ante, Bosnian leader
- 3189.
- Jellicoe, John
- 1741, 1809.
- Jem, Ottoman sultan
- 315, 532.
- Jemappes, battle of
- 1004.
- Jemdet Nasr, ancient sites
- 84.
- Jena
- 613, 1024.
- Jenatsch, George, Swiss leader
- 626.
- Jenin
- 2391.
- Jenkins, Charles Francis, inventor
- 990, 1736.
- Jenkins, Robert, British captain
- 687.
- Jenne
- 870.
- Jenne-Jeno
- 344, 356.
- Jenner, Edward, English physician
- 647.
- Jerba
- 292, 826.
- Jeremiah
- 105.
- Jericho
- 36, 3862, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3863.
- Jeroboam I, king of Israel
- 104, 104.
- Jeroboam II, king of Israel
- 105, 106.
- St. Jerome, religious scholar
- 268, 401, 401.
- Jerome of Prague, religious reformer
- 531.
- Jerusalem
- 87, 88, 103, 103, 104, 104, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 214, 215, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 275, 281, 286, 286, 287, 293, 318, 319, 375, 401, 411, 429, 429, 429, 430, 437, 458, 460, 460, 503, 505, 505, 505, 505, 505, 507, 507, 507, 507, 507, 509, 1331, 1332, 1335, 1336, 1336, 1752, 1851, 2385, 2386, 2387, 2389, 2389, 2391, 2391, 2391, 2956, 2960, 2967, 3769, 3769, 3771, 3771, 3774, 3786, 3854, 3855, 3858, 3858, 3865, 3866, 3866, 3866, 3869, 3869, 3869, 3871; Latin Kingdom of, 318; capture by Crusaders, 505.
- Jessore
- 3971.
- Jesuits, religious order
- 584, 589, 604, 605, 609, 610, 616, 630, 632, 633, 633, 633, 635, 714, 729, 736, 737, 737, 758, 780, 815, 832, 852, 906, 1925; expulsion from France, 717; expulsion from Spain, 724; expulsion from Portugal, 729; confiscation of their property, 741; China, 851, 854; Japan, 857, 858, 859; Vietnam, 863, 863; Philippines, 867; Africa, 875, 879, 887, 888, 1543, 1547; North America, 905, 921, 922; the Americas, 910, 910, 913, 914, 915, 915, 916, 918, 918; Italy, 1066; France, 1192; Middle East, 1340.
- Jesus, founder of Christianity
- 250, 259, 268, 268, 273, 286, 401, 401, 401, 401, 1036, 1815.
- Jeunesses patriotes
- 1905.
- Jevdet Pasha, Ottoman official
- 1339.
- Jewish Agency, Palestine
- 2389.
- Jewish Federation of Labor
- 2386.
- Jewish National Fund
- 3858.
- Jewish Naturalization Bill, England
- 688.
- Jews
- 68, 95, 104, 105, 105, 208, 214, 249, 250, 253, 253, 285, 285, 286, 286, 286, 286, 286, 287, 306, 323, 505, 507, 601, 727, 776, 797, 869, 908, 910, 1045, 1072, 1176, 1235, 1350, 1701, 1851, 1853, 2385, 2647, 2964, 3039; Medinan Jews, 286; Morocco, 292, 1376, 3770, 3858; Abbasid period, 295; Mongols, 305, 305; Ottoman Empire, 313, 315, 796, 797, 797, 803, 1331, 1334, 1336, 1336; Sephardic, 315, 323; Spain, 315, 418, 419, 419, 419, 476, 477, 479, 525, 525, 525, 525, 601, 601, 602, 894; Egypt, 318, 319, 2359, 3770, 3908; North Africa, 323, 3770; China, 369; early Christians, 401; sexuality, 401; Ostrogoths, 406; expulsion of, 443, 446; England, 446, 688; France, 450, 450, 453, 453, 1002, 1020, 1059, 1061, 1061, 1194, 1195, 1197, 1917, 2869, 2871, 2876, 2878; Hungary, 493, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, 2028, 2031, 2032, 2032, 2034, 2035, 3146; Western Europe, 511; Switzerland, 546, 1227, 2979; Poland, 555, 1993, 2118, 2124, 2125, 3098, 3116; expulsion from Spain, 601; Portugal, 605; Italy, 740, 746, 1218, 1956; expulsion from Vienna, 757; Sweden, 764; Denmark, 771, 2041; Iran, 816, 816; Algiers, 826; Americas, 918; persecution of, 1068; Greece, 1099; Great Britain, 1157, 1157; and formation of Israeli state, 1229; Germany, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1977, 1986, 1986, 1986, 1986, 1986, 1993, 3023, 3027; Austria, 1239, 1243, 1986, 2011, 2012; Austria-Hungary, 1240; Russia, 1260, 1261, 1263, 3267; Romania, 1318, 2175, 2182, 2182, 2182, 2183, 2183, 3254; Damascus, 1332; immigration to Palestine, 1346; Palestine, 1346, 1346, 1347, 2385, 2386, 2386, 2386, 2386, 2386, 2387, 2389, 2389, 2389, 2390, 2390, 2391, 2391, 2393, 2393, 2393, 2394, 2394, 2636, 3854; Algeria, 1383, 1384, 2423, 3770; WWII, 1814; Netherlands, 1899, 1899; Europe, 1993, 2643, 3858; Czechoslovakia, 2020, 2020, 2021; Slovakia, 2021; Baltic region, 2084, 2084; Argentina, 2242, 3502; Turkey, 2333; Temple, 2389; U.S., 2394; Iraq, 2406, 3770, 3878; Aden, 2413; and Nazis, 2593; Holocaust, 2950, 2962, 2979, 3026, 3430, 3858; Roman Catholic Church, 2957, 2962; Libya, 3770, 3947; Syria, 3770, 3843; Lebanon, 3770; Middle East, 3770, 3857, 3858; Yemen, 3770; Cyprus, 3806; Africa, 3857; Eastern Europe, 3857; Asia, 3857; Israel, 3857, 3858, 3858; Sephardim, 3858; Ashkenazim, 3858. See Israel; Judaism; Palestine; Zionists.
- Jezebel
- 104, 105, 105, 109.
- Jhansi, rani of, Indian leader
- 1398.
- Jhelum River
- 129, 207.
- Jiajing, reign title of Wu-Tsung's successor
- 376.
- Jiajing dynasty
- 851.
- Jiang Jieshi, Chiang Kai-shek
- 1706, 2465, 2466, 2468, 2468, 2468, 2469, 2469, 2469, 2469, 2469, 2470, 2470, 2470, 2473, 2474, 2475, 2477, 2477, 2479, 2479, 2479, 2480, 2480, 2481, 2481, 2482, 2484, 2484, 2485, 2485, 2486, 2486, 2486, 2508, 2624, 2632, 2634, 4140, 4140, 4141, 4141, 4142, 4143, 4143, 4143, 4144, 4144, 4144, 4150, 4179, 4182, 4182, 4183, 4183.
- Jiang Jingguo, Taiwanese leader
- 4183, 4183, 4183, 4184.
- Jiang Qing, Chinese leader
- 4156, 4161, 4164, 4169.
- Jiangsu
- 378, 1417, 1425.
- Jiangxi
- 2469, 2470, 2471, 2471, 2474, 2475, 2481, 2481, 4151.
- Jiang Zemin, Chinese leader
- 3436, 4172, 4175, 4176, 4214.
- Jiaozhou
- 968, 1423, 1423, 1435, 1472, 2494, 2502.
- Jiaqing reign
- 1415.
- Jidda
- 1334, 2667.
- Jie, Chinese ruler
- 138.
- jihads, holy wars
- 871, 871, 872, 879, 1354, 1379; West Africa, 580; against Portugal, 822; of North African corsairs, 826; Algeria, 1383; India, 1395; Africa, 1510, 1510, 1510, 1510, 1513, 1524.
- Jilin
- 2466, 2473.
- Jim Crow laws
- 1598, 1605, 2187, 3390.
- Jiménez, Enrique, Panamanian leader
- 3637.
- Jiménez, Juan Ramon, writer
- 1921.
- Jiménez, Ricardo, Costa Rican leader
- 2287, 2287.
- Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco, Spanish leader and cardinal
- 601, 601, 601.
- Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo, Spanish conquistador
- 897, 897.
- Jimmu, Japanese emperor
- 167.
- Jinan
- 2463, 2465, 2470, 2479, 2508.
- Jinbudang, China
- 1426.
- Jin-Cha-Ji government, China
- 2481.
- Jin dynasty
- 138, 138, 139, 139, 139, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 158, 372, 372, 374, 374, 375.
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