- Cabrera, Manuel Estrada, Guatemalan leader
- 1681, 2278.
- Cáceres, Andrés Avelino, Latin American leader
- 1670.
- Cadamosto, Alvise da, explorer
- 281, 358.
- Cade, John, English rebel
- 515.
- Cadets, Russia
- 1263, 1264, 1264, 1265.
- Cadillac, Antoine de, French explorer
- 922.
- Cádiz
- 476, 603, 648, 911, 957, 1028, 1028, 1062, 1063, 1929.
- Cadmea, citadel of Thebes
- 200, 200.
- Cadorna, Luigi, Italian general
- 1757, 1757, 1780, 1799.
- Caduveo
- 570.
- Caecilis Statius, Roman playwright
- 229.
- Caecina, Roman general
- 251.
- Caen
- 1006, 2619.
- Caesar, title
- 255, 261, 261, 261, 261, 262, 262, 262, 457.
- Caesar, Gaius
- See Caligula, Roman emperor.
- Caesar, Julius, Roman leader
- 46, 218, 219, 239, 240, 240, 240, 240, 240, 240, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 242, 243, 246, 246, 402, 421.
- Caesariensis
- 248.
- Caetano, Marcello, Portuguese leader
- 2914, 2915.
- Cafferata, Geronimo, Peruvian leader
- 3557.
- Cagoulards, French royalists
- 1913.
- Cahokia
- 53, 280, 922.
- Caicos
- 3765.
- Cai Dai, Vietnamese sect
- 2525.
- Cai E, Chinese leader
- 2461.
- Cai Jing, Chinese leader
- 372.
- Caillaux, Joseph, French leader
- 1135, 1135, 1135, 1198, 1901, 1902.
- Caillié, René, explorer
- 1507.
- Caingang
- 570.
- Cairo
- 287, 296, 302, 317, 319, 320, 323, 353, 507, 507, 792, 799, 800, 808, 808, 810, 1010, 1119, 1327, 1335, 1346, 1347, 1366, 1366, 1366, 1367, 1372, 1372, 1373, 1373, 1384, 1699, 1752, 2353, 2355, 2359, 2363, 2364, 2379, 2416, 2643, 2655, 2661, 2673, 2678, 2681, 2690, 3771, 3778, 3783, 3786, 3821, 3845, 3876, 3901, 3903, 3904, 3905, 3909, 3910, 3910, 3912, 3917, 3918, 3927, 3947; WWI, 1751; conference, 2484, 2493, 2632, 2632; Metro, 3914.
- Cairo Agreement
- 3845.
- Cairo Caliphate Congress
- 2357.
- Cairo Declaration
- 2632.
- Cairo University
- 2356, 2357, 2360.
- Caisse de la Dette
- 1372.
- Cai Yuanpei, educator
- 2464.
- Cajamarca
- 898.
- Cakchiquel
- 902.
- Çakmak, Fevzi, Turkish leader
- 3790.
- Cakobau, Fiji
- 1476.
- Calabar, Nigeria
- 1515, 4323.
- Calabar, Domingo Fernandes, Brazilian leader
- 915.
- Calabria
- 431, 435, 466, 467, 500, 827, 1224.
- Calais
- 512, 513, 515, 521, 521, 521, 586, 588, 588, 588, 598, 2587.
- Calatafimi, battle of
- 1212.
- Calatrava
- 476.
- calculating devices
- 639, 985, 986, 1039.
- Calcutta
- 834, 835, 835, 835, 1394, 1396, 1396, 1399, 1401, 2434, 2437, 3985.
- Caldera Rodríguez, Rafael, Venezuelan leader
- 3601, 3603, 3604.
- Calder Hall, England
- 2769.
- Calderón, battle at bridge of
- 1653.
- Calderón, Francisco García, writer
- 2241.
- Calderón, Pedro, Spanish playwright
- 604.
- Calderón, Rafael Angel, Costa Rican leader
- 3690.
- Calderón Sol, Armando, Salvadoran leader
- 3673.
- Caledonia
- 255, 421.
- Caledon River
- 1551.
- calendar
- 87, 131, 241; Islamic, 286; Persian, 302; Japan, 383; Maya, 570; reform of Pope Gregory XIII, 609; Gregorian, 687, 1020; Chinese, 854.
- Calhoun, Georgia
- 1574.
- Calhoun, John C., U.S. leader
- 1574, 1577, 1580.
- Cali
- 897.
- Cali cartel
- 3579, 3589, 3589.
- California, U.S. state
- 33, 904, 904, 904, 954, 1438, 1471, 1563, 1579, 1690, 1795, 2544, 3411, 3436; Russian settlements, 1256, 1259; in the Mexican War, 1578, 1688; gold rush, 1579, 1662, 1678; admission to the Union, 1580; and Chinese labor, 1601.
- California, University of
- 3390, 3426.
- Caligula, Roman emperor
- 247, 248, 248, 248, 252.
- Calinescu, Armand, Romanian leader
- 2184, 2184.
- Calixtines, Bohemian reformers
- 544.
- Calixtus II, pope
- 468.
- Calixtus III, antipope
- 469.
- Callaghan, James, British leader
- 2758, 2789, 2789, 2790.
- Callan
- 1164.
- Callao
- 865, 865, 865, 3557.
- Callbeck, Catherine, Canadian leader
- 3458.
- Callejas, Rafael Leonardo, Latin American leader
- 3697, 3698.
- Calle Lombana, Humberto de la, Latin American leader
- 3589.
- Calles, Plutarco Elías, Mexican leader
- 2195, 2295, 2296, 2297, 2297, 2297, 2297, 2297, 2297, 2298, 2298, 2298, 2298.
- Calles-Morrow agreement, U.S.-Mexico
- 2297.
- Calley, William L., U.S. soldier
- 3422.
- Callicrates, king of Sparta
- 211, 212.
- Callimachus, Greek poet
- 208.
- Callinicum
- 427.
- Callistratus, Athenian leader
- 202.
- Callistus, Roman freedman
- 248.
- Caltabeleotta, peace of
- 533.
- Calvert, Cecilius, 2nd baron Baltimore
- 929, 930, 930, 937, 937.
- Calvert, Charles, 3rd baron Baltimore
- 929, 937.
- Calvert, George, 1st baron Baltimore
- 929, 929.
- Calvin, John, theologian and reformer
- 401, 580, 595, 597, 615, 615, 625, 625.
- Calvinism
- 588, 597, 609, 609, 615, 615, 617, 621, 624, 625, 625, 632, 635, 712, 1014, 1144; Holland, 595, 595, 595; Africa, 890; Americas, 915; Low Countries, 1053, 1174.
- Camano, Francisco, Latin American leader
- 3742.
- Cámara
- 909.
- Camarda, Demetrio, writer
- 1325.
- Camarina
- 196.
- Cambay
- 332.
- Cambodia
- 79, 131, 132, 133, 135, 135, 339, 340, 342, 342, 849, 849, 849, 849, 849, 849, 849, 849, 849, 849, 849, 849, 1402, 1405, 1407, 1409, 1409, 1409, 1409, 1473, 1474, 1475, 2453, 2453, 2453, 2625, 2638, 2638, 2676, 2689, 4047, 4069, 4075, 4081, 4081, 4081, 4084, 4084, 4085, 4085, 4085, 4086, 4086, 4087, 4087, 4087, 4087, 4087, 4088, 4088, 4088, 4088, 4088, 4088, 4088, 4090, 4090, 4091, 4091, 4092, 4095, 4096, 4100, 4101, 4101, 4113, 4255, 4256, 4256, 4264, 4264, 4268, 4269, 4272, 4275, 4275, 4276, 4277; and Siam, 1405, 1405; between Wars, 2453; WWII, 2454, 2454, 2454; and U.S., 3413, 3419, 3420, 4080, 4081, 4081, 4081, 4082, 4084, 4085, 4086, 4086, 4272, 4272, 4272, 4275; economy, 4047; and France, 4075, 4075, 4075, 4076, 4081; and Russia, 4077, 4081, 4081; and China, 4078, 4080, 4081, 4086, 4087, 4087, 4088, 4163; Khmer Republic, 4085; Kampuchea, 4086, 4087, 4088, 4088, 4088; peace, 4089; Vietnamese, 4275; Chinese, 4275.
- Cambodian People's Party, CPP
- 4091.
- Cambon, Jules, French envoy
- 1135.
- Cambrai
- 524, 653, 1801, 1812; treaty of, 602, 608, 608, 614.
- Cambrésis
- 653.
- Cambridge, Massachusetts
- 926, 1736.
- Cambridge University
- 446, 513, 640, 1048.
- Cambyses I, king of Persia
- 95, 99, 123, 124.
- Camden, battle of
- 951.
- Camel, battle of the
- 288.
- cameras
- 990.
- Cameron, Donald, British leader
- 2559.
- Cameron Reforms
- 2559.
- Cameroon
- 343, 2554, 2555, 2558, 2568, 2568, 2568, 2569, 2569, 2611, 4325, 4332, 4332, 4337, 4432, 4432, 4433; British Northern Cameroon, 4324; Southern Cameroon, 4324; independence, 4332; Republic of Cameroon, 4332; Western Cameroon, 4332; Federal Republic of Cameroon, 4332; United Republic of Cameroon, 4332; volcanic gases, 4332.
- Cameroons
- 954, 955, 1111, 1135, 1517, 1543; WWI, 1768.
- Camillus, Marcus Furius, Roman dictator
- 226.
- Camões, Luis de, Portuguese poet
- 605.
- Campagna
- 459.
- Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
- 2771.
- Campaña Admirable
- 1650.
- Campania
- 220, 221, 222, 222, 222, 226, 227, 229, 229, 230, 238, 241.
- Campbell, Angus, inventor
- 988.
- Campbell, Archibald
- 1402.
- Campbell, Kim, Canadian leader
- 3458.
- Campbell-Bannerman, Henry
- 1155.
- Campbell-Swinton, A. A., inventor
- 1736.
- Camp David, Maryland
- 2675, 3404, 3437, 3869, 3876.
- Camp David Accords
- 3777, 3861, 3910.
- Campero, Narciso, Latin American leader
- 1668.
- Camphausen, Rudolf, Prussian leader
- 1096.
- Camp of National Unity
- 2123.
- Campo Formio, treaty of
- 760, 1009, 1017.
- Campong-Thom
- 2625.
- Cámpora, Hector, Argentine leader
- 3490, 3490.
- Campos, Albizu, Latin American leader
- 2309, 2309.
- Campos, Pedro Albizu, Latin American leader
- 2309.
- Campos Salles, Manoel de, Latin American leader
- 1677.
- Campus Martius
- 239.
- Cam Ranh Bay
- 4275.
- Camras, Marvin, pioneer in sound recording
- 990.
- Camus, Albert, philosopher
- 2701, 2839, 2849.
- Canaan
- 83, 92, 93, 100, 101, 101, 102, 103, 103, 103, 103, 103, 104, 104, 107, 2376.
- Canada
- 13, 18, 33, 40, 53, 666, 919, 919, 920, 920, 921, 921, 939, 939, 940, 951, 952, 953, 956, 993, 993, 993, 995, 995, 1563, 1572, 1615, 1622, 1699, 1853, 2217, 2217, 2225, 2229, 2273, 2598, 2637, 2638, 2640, 2641, 2642, 2643, 2644, 2664, 2664, 2672, 2673, 2673, 2683, 2688, 2692, 2708, 2714, 2717, 2721, 2730, 2758, 2867, 3254, 3443, 3444, 3444, 3452, 3454, 3455, 3455, 3458, 3463, 3707, 3712, 3759, 4029, 4047, 4066, 4087, 4262, 4451; and French and Indian War, 940; and American Revolution, 947, 947; and India, 1401; and U.S., 1571, 1576, 1625, 1629, 1635, 3391, 3430, 3431, 3443, 3444, 3447, 3449, 3449, 3450, 3450, 3456, 3458; boundary with U.S., 1574, 1576, 1578, 1623, 1625; and Alaska boundary, 1613, 1639; dominion of, 1622, 1623, 1630, 1630, 1630, 1631, 1635, 1635, 1637, 1641; exploration of, 1623, 1623; and War of 1812, 1623, 1623, 1623; rebellion in, 1625, 1629; union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1628; gold rush, 1630; 1878–1914, 1634; and South African War, 1639; WWI, 1801, 2217, 2218, 2219, 2498; WWI cost, 2220; and Great Britain, 2217, 2224, 2226, 2227, 2228, 2229, 2232, 2232, 2233, 3443, 3444, 3445; between Wars, 2217, 2222, 2224, 2226, 2230, 2231, 2232, 2232; Great Depression, 2217, 2227, 2227; and Japan, 2226; and France, 2226, 2229, 2234, 3452, 3453; New Deal, 2231, 2231, 2232, 2232; WWII, 2233, 2233, 2234, 2599, 2608, 2608, 2617, 2619, 2621; economy and society, 3443, 3443, 3456; cold war, 3443; and Russia, 3443, 3446, 3451; and Korea, 3445; and China, 3448, 3451, 3455; centennial of dominion status, 3452; and Gabon, 3453; linguistic rights, 3453, 3454; and Europe, 3454, 3454; and Middle East, 3456; and North America, 3458; fisheries, 3458; and Africa, 3461. See Canadian-American relations; French Canadians; Japanese Canadians; Quebec; terrorism.
- Canada Act, England
- 1623.
- Canada First movement
- 1630.
- Canada Paper Company
- 1630.
- Canada-United States Committee on Joint Defense
- 3447.
- Canadian-American relations
- 2217, 2222, 2224, 2224, 2225, 2226, 2226, 2227, 2228, 2229, 2231.
- Canadian Armed Services
- 3452.
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, CBC
- 2229, 3445.
- Canadian Citizenship Act
- 3443.
- Canadian Congress of Labour
- 3446.
- Canadian Immigration Board
- 3458.
- Canadian Labor Congress, CLC
- 1635, 3446.
- Canadian Métis Society
- 3453.
- Canadian National Railways
- 2217, 2229.
- Canadian Northern Railway
- 1638, 2217.
- Canadian Pacific Railway
- 956, 1634, 1635, 1635.
- Canadian Pacific Railway Company
- 2229.
- Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
- 2229.
- Canadian Radio-Television Commission, CRTC
- 3453.
- Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance
- 3464.
- Canalejas y Méndez, José, Spanish leader
- 1204.
- canals
- 956.
- Canal-to-Cape Railroad
- 1236.
- Canal Zone
- See Panama Canal Zone; Suez Canal Zone.
- Cananea Copper Company
- 1692.
- Canarese
- 133, 327, 327.
- Canary Islands
- 281, 281, 572, 906, 1131, 2899.
- Canberra, Australia
- 1498, 2543, 4297.
- Canberra Agreement
- 4283.
- Cancellaria reliefs
- 246.
- Cancuc
- 913.
- Candaules, Phrygian king
- 114.
- Candelaria, María de la, Maya visionary
- 913.
- Candia
- 437, 611, 745, 801.
- Candian War
- 745.
- Candomblê
- 3465.
- Cang Yingxuan, Chinese potter
- 854.
- Canmore, Malcolm (Malcolm III), king of Scotland
- 447, 447.
- Cann, Rebecca, molecular biologist
- 24.
- Cannae
- 231, 438.
- Cannes
- 1033.
- Canning, earl, Charles John, British leader
- 1396.
- Canning, George, British leader
- 1045, 1046, 1275.
- Cannizzaro, Stanislao, chemist
- 1151.
- Cano, Guillermo, publisher
- 3583.
- Cano, Juan Sebastián del, explorer
- 574.
- Canonchet, chief of the Narragansetts
- 933.
- canon law
- 1223.
- Canossa
- 455, 468, 468, 469.
- Canova, Antonio, Italian artist
- 735.
- Canovas del Castillo, Antonio, Spanish leader
- 1204.
- Cantacuzenos, John, Byzantine leader
- 309.
- Cantave, León, Haitian leader
- 3745.
- Cantemir, Demetrius, Moldavian scholar
- 806.
- Canterbury
- 422, 422, 422, 445, 469; cathedral, 444, 446.
- Canterbury Tales
- 513.
- Cantillon, Richard, Irish economist
- 645.
- Canton
- 155, 292, 1415, 1416, 1416, 2524. See Guangzhou.
- cantonalists, Spain
- 1202.
- Cantor, Georg, mathematician
- 1148.
- Canudos
- 1677.
- Cañuelo, Luis, Spanish writer
- 718.
- Canute II, the Great
- 422, 422, 422, 426, 454, 461, 486.
- Canute VI, king of Denmark
- 461.
- Cão, Diogo, explorer
- 281.
- Cao Cao, Chinese leader
- 156, 156, 156, 156, 156, 156, 158.
- Cao family
- 157.
- Cao Pi, Chinese leader
- 156, 156.
- Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer
- 854.
- Cape African franchise
- 2578, 2579, 2580.
- Cape Ann
- 926.
- Cape Bojador
- 281, 358, 869.
- Cape Bon
- 322.
- Cape Breton Island
- 666, 939, 940.
- Cape Coast
- 874, 1513.
- Cape Coast Castle
- 876, 878.
- Cape Cod
- 920, 926, 932, 932, 935.
- Cape Colony
- 1549, 1549, 1549, 1549, 1550, 1550, 1550, 1550, 1550, 1550, 1551, 1551, 1551, 1552, 1552, 1552, 1553, 1555, 1555, 1556, 1556, 1556, 1557.
- Cape Fear
- 920.
- Cape Flattery
- 904.
- Cape Gloucester
- 2629.
- Capelle, Eduard von, German admiral
- 1762.
- Cape Matapan, battle of
- 2606.
- Cape of Good Hope
- 281, 337, 365, 596, 596, 866, 890, 890, 890, 890, 890, 890, 891, 892, 1524.
- Cape Passaro
- 2617.
- Cape Peninsula
- 890.
- Cape Province
- 38, 1558.
- Cape St. Roque
- 573, 573.
- Cape St. Vincent
- 726.
- Cape Sunium
- 188.
- Capet, Hugh, king of France
- 414, 414, 414, 449.
- Capetian dynasty
- 445, 449, 449, 449, 449, 449, 449, 449, 449, 449, 450, 450, 450, 451, 454, 520, 520, 520, 540.
- Cape Town, or Capetown
- 890, 890, 890, 890, 891, 993, 1119, 1556, 1558, 2577.
- Cape Verde Islands
- 281, 281, 359, 572, 573, 605, 2672, 2915, 2916.
- capitalism
- 1702, 1815; in Italy, 534; 1800–1914, 1144; in the 19th century, 1506; in Africa, 1553.
- Capitol
- 251.
- Capitoline Hill
- 224, 224.
- Capitulary of Heristal
- 411.
- Capitulary of Kiersy
- 413.
- Capitulary of Mersen
- 413.
- Capitulations
- 1712, 2318, 2322, 2325, 2334, 2336, 2340, 2354, 2366, 2367, 2367, 2372, 2379, 2389, 2400.
- Capo d'Istria, Giovanni
- 1272, 1275, 1277.
- Caporetto Campaign, World War I
- 1757, 1757, 1805, 1941.
- Cappadocia
- 111, 112, 115, 124, 209, 237, 240, 240, 247, 275, 275, 428, 435.
- Capper-Volstead Act, U.S.
- 2195.
- Capponi, Niccolò, leader of Florentine revolt
- 607.
- Capreae, Capri
- 247, 247.
- Caprera
- 1217.
- Capri
- 247.
- Caprivi, Georg Leo von, German leader
- 1235, 1237, 1237.
- Caprivi Strip, Namibia
- 4476.
- Caps, Swedish political party
- 762, 763, 763, 763, 764.
- Capua
- 223, 227, 231, 232, 235, 416, 458, 465, 466, 467, 471, 607.
- Capuchins, religious order
- 815, 874, 1332; Africa, 875, 880, 886, 892; Americas, 910.
- Carabobo, battle of
- 1651.
- Caracalla, Roman emperor
- 246, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255.
- Caracas
- 897, 909, 911, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 2671, 3467, 3596, 3597, 3598, 3598, 3599, 3602, 3606.
- Caraccioli, Hector, Honduran leader
- 3694.
- Caractacus, British chieftain
- 248.
- Caraffa, Gian Pietro
- See Paul IV, pope.
- Caralis
- 110.
- Caramania
- 207.
- Carasius, Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus, Roman general and rebel
- 261, 261.
- Caratheodory, Alexander, Ottoman envoy
- 1108.
- Carazao, Rodrigo, Latin American leader
- 3689.
- Carazo, Evaristo, Latin American leader
- 1683.
- Carbonari, Charcoal Burners
- 1059, 1066, 1066, 1067, 1067, 1067.
- Carbury Hill
- 588.
- Carcani, Adil, Albanian leader
- 3202, 3203.
- Carcassonne
- 452, 479.
- Carchedon
- See Carthage.
- Carchemish
- 86, 87, 87, 93, 100, 102, 103, 106, 113, 113.
- Cardano, Geronimo, mathematician
- 637.
- Cardenal, Ernesto, Nicaraguan priest
- 2644.
- Cárdenas, Adán, Latin American leader
- 1683.
- Cárdenas, Cuauhtemoc, Mexican leader
- 3705, 3706, 3711.
- Cárdenas, Lázaro, Mexican leader
- 2298, 2298, 2299, 2299, 2300.
- Cardiff
- 2754.
- Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, Brazilian leader
- 3479, 3626, 3627, 3627, 3628, 3628, 3628, 3629.
- Cardwell, Edward, British official
- 1159.
- Carelia
- 628, 630.
- Carew, Thomas
- 587.
- Carews, Norman family
- 425.
- Carey, George, archbishop of Canterbury
- 2965.
- Carey, William, English missionary
- 1394.
- Carey Act, U.S.
- 1607.
- Caria
- 95, 114, 186, 201, 206, 218.
- Carías Andino, Tiburcio, Honduran leader
- 2288, 2289, 2289, 3693.
- Caribbean
- 2238, 2267, 2600, 2636, 2643, 2643, 2656, 3471, 3598, 3600, 3732, 3757, 3759, 3762; and U.S., 2187, 2208.
- Caribbean federation
- 3756.
- Caribbean Free Trade Area
- 3760.
- Caribbean Population Research Center
- 3759.
- Caribbean Sea
- 570, 579, 605, 895, 906, 906, 908, 908, 909, 909, 911, 912, 919, 3428.
- Caribs
- 570, 570.
- Carinthia
- 415, 459, 485, 494, 540, 616, 2006, 3040.
- Carinus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor
- 258, 261.
- Carl
- See Haakon VII, king of Norway.
- Carlén, Emelie Flygare, writer
- 1076.
- Carlists, Spain
- 1045, 1203.
- Carlist War, Spain
- 1045, 1062, 1203, 1204.
- Carloman, Frankish leader
- 407.
- Carloman, king of Austrasia
- 410.
- Carloman, king of Bavaria
- 409, 415, 415.
- Carloman, king of France
- 413, 483.
- Carloman, son of Charles the Bald
- 413.
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