Paired experimental designs, 63
Parallel system, 197, 217 “219
Parsimonious goodness-of-fit index (PGFI), 165
Parsimonious normed fit index (PNFI), 164 “165
PDF, see Probability density function (PDF)
Pearson's r coefficient, 79 “80, 84 “88, 126 “127
Perceived dimensions, 157
Percentages, 21 “22, 38, 43, 52
Perceptual mapping, 156 “157
Plots, 186 “187
bar charts , 22, 27 “28
boxplot , 39, 141
correlogram, 172
of event-based dependence, 71
histogram, 27 “30, 71, 138
for measures of association, 81 “83
nonlinearity, 71
null, 71
probability, 138 “139
of residuals, 71
scatterplot, 83 “84, 126
Time-based dependence, 71
Poisson distribution, 267 “268, 279 “282
Pooled within-groups , see Within-groups
Population, 6, 62 “63, 94
Positive relationship of variables , 77 “78, 83 “85
Positive skew distribution, 29, 44, 139
Principal components , 158
Probability
concepts of, 203 “223, 276 “277
conditional, 209 “210
continuous, 193
cumulative, 249
discrete distribution, 238 “239, 267 “274
of exceeding threshold, 192
Fisher exact probability test, 113
joint, 209 “212
PDF, see Probability density function (PDF)
plot of, 138 “139
total, 206 “207
transition, 310 “314
Probability density function (PDF), 187; see also Confidence interval
discrete probability distribution, 238 “239
expected values and, 194
mean of, 188 “190
for normal distribution, 254 “257
with random variables, 242 “253
Probability plot, 138 “139
Product rule for series, 214
Proportional reduction in error (PRE), 75 “79, 81