Pace production line, 206, 208
Packaging, as cause of product failures, 291
Paired comparisons, 141, 586 “587
Paper pencil assembly, 60
Parallel reliability block diagrams, 323 “325
Parameter design, 371
in DFSS (design for six sigma), 715
in DOE (design of experiments), 441 “447
in improving reliability, 336 “337
Parameter Design approach, 31 “32
Parametric variations, 178
Pareto analysis, 44, 132 “133, 484
Partnering, 9 “11
buyer/supplier relationship in, 11 “12
checklists of, 21 “23
in DFSS (design for six sigma), 13
expanded, 12 “14, 23 “25
implementing, 14 “19
improving, 20 “21
principles of, 11
process managers, 15 “17
reevaluating , 17
success indicators, 21
typical questionnaire for, 18
Partnering for Total Quality assessment process, 21
Parts, 205
defective, 278
inclusion of wrong, 214
missing, 214
non-rigid, 522
in product design, 205
Parts/component feeding systems, 207
PASS (production accelerated stress screen), 310 “312
PAT (profit after tax), 693 “694
Path transmissions, 535, 538
Payback period method, 612, 708
P diagrams, 299
in DFSS (design for six sigma), 715, 719
in FMEA (failure modes and effects analysis), 258 “260
and team systems, 26
PDS (product design specifications), 717
P/E (price/earnings) ratio, 698
Peacemakers, in team systems, 25
Perfect products, 194 “196
Performance, 112
vs. importance, 131
index of, 558 “559
needs, 229
parameters, 292
product-based view, 113
quality of, 69, 70
reviews of, 19
Performance evaluation review technique (PERT), 604
Personnel
in business assessments, 139
as measure of quality cost, 499
PERT (performance evaluation review technique), 604
PFIS (plant floor information system), 363
Phosphate-based liquid, 89 “94
Phosphate-free liquid, 89 “94
Phosphate-free powder, 89 “94
Physical assets, 681 “682
depreciation of, 684
inventories as, 682 “683
operating leverage, 682
PIMS (Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies), 157
in benchmarking, 119
objectives and benefits of, 312
par report, 130
Plans up form (forecasting), 710
Plant administration, 504
Plant and equipment, 136, 701
Plant engineering, as measure of quality cost, 494 “495
Plant floor information system (PFIS), 363
Plus-minus dimensioning, 523
Poisson distribution, 316, 509 “510, 636 “640
Poisson process, 635 “636
Poka Yoke method, 208, 274, 275, 721
Potential design verification tests, 258
Predictive maintenance, 363
Pre-feasibility analysis, 38
Preferred stocks, 669, 697
Preliminary design review, 466
Prentice Hall Almanac of Business and Industrial Statistics , 157
Preservation of knowledge, 74
Prevention costs, 482, 488
Preventive maintenance, 350, 363
Price/earnings (P/E) ratio, 698
Price-volume variance analysis, 707
Pricing, 119
and ROI (return on investment), 119
in theory of firm, 661
Primary reference standards, 525
Priorities, in FMEA (failure modes and effects analysis), 230
Prioritization matrix, 139 “140
Proactive systems, in mistake proofing, 216
Probability density function, 618, 628
Probability distribution, 313, 636
Probability of configuration, 637 “638
Probability of failure, 618 “620
Probability of reliability, 621
Probability ratio sequential testing (PRST), 363
Process average
shifts in, 1 “2
short- vs. long- term standard variation in, 4 “5
Process benchmarking, 122 “123
Process characteristics (CTP), 510
Process Control Methods (book), 6
Process controls, 249, 268, 276
Processes, 363
costs of, 571 “572
dominance factors, 273
internal, 53
parameters of, 255
in partnering, 25
planning with project management, 607 “608
in project management, 601 “602
quality management in, 23
random vs. identifiable causes in, 133
short- vs. long-term variation in, 4 “5
and six sigma, 1 “2
special characteristics for, 257
standard deviation, 4 “5
static vs. dynamic, 1 “2
Process facilitators, in trade-off studies, 473
Process flow diagrams, 61 “64, 234, 259
Process FMEA, 224 “225;
see also FMEA (failure modes and effects analysis)
calculating RPN (risk priority number) in, 275
describing failure causes in, 272
describing failure effects in, 271 “272
describing failure modes in, 270 “271
describing process functions in, 269 “270
detection table, 253
estimating detection of failure in, 274 “275
estimating frequency of occurrence of failure in, 273
estimating severity of failures in, 273
failure modes, 242 “244
forming teams for, 269
identifying manufacturing process controls in, 273 “274
linkages to design FMEA and control plans, 258 “260
objectives of, 268
occurrence rating, 250
recommending corrective actions in, 275 “277
requirements for, 268 “269
severity rating, 247
special characteristics for, 257
timing, 268
Process functions, 269 “270
Processing mistakes, 213 “214
Processing omissions, 214
Process performance (C pk ), 2, 402 “403
Process redesign, 511 “512
Procrustes (Greek mythology), 29 “30
Product assurance, as measure of quality cost, 499
Product characteristic deployment matrix, 72
Product control, as measure of quality cost, 499 “500
Product demand, and competition, 662
Product design and development, 194
basic vs. secondary processes in, 204
benefits of DFM/DFA (design for manufacturability/assembly) on, 189
case studies, 195 “196
as cause of product failures, 291
and costs of engineering changes, 297 “298
crash program approach to, 195
and customer satisfaction, 113 “114
effects of DFM/DFA (design for manufacturability/assembly) on, 204
factors affecting manufacturing process, 197
focus of, 205
forming and sizing operations in, 204
functions of, 264
fundamentals of, 204
map guide to, 197
as measure in TOC (theory of constraints), 462
minimum performance requirements in, 198
perfect product approach to, 196
primary process in, 204
and product life cycle, 297 “298
as product plan, 196 “198
QFD (quality function deployment) in, 79 “80, 86 “88
reducing cost of, 189
reducing risks in, 267
reducing time for, 158
reliability in, 296 “297
secondary process, 204
sequential approach to, 191
simultaneous approach to, 191
six sigma philosophy, 5 “7
special characteristics for, 257
steps in, 295 “296
Taguchi's approach to, 371
TDP (technology deployment process) in, 298 “300
Product design specifications (PDS), 717
Product failures, 288, 290
Product flow diagrams, 56 “61
Production, 364
costs of, 704
establishing conditions for, 725 “726
mass production, 726
as measure of quality cost, 500
requirements in, 87 “88
and team systems, 26
Production accelerated stress screen (PASS), 310 “312
Productivity, 459 “460
effects of customs and traditions on, 582
effects of habits on, 582
in theory of firm, 661
Product liability, 189, 491
Product life cycle, 133
and cost of engineering changes, 297 “298
as a factor in product design, 194
and failure rate, 293 “295
maturity period, 699 “700
and product design, 297 “298
stages of, 699 “700
Product plans, 194, 196 “198
Product quality, 112 “117
eight dimensions of, 112 “113
perception of, 117 “119
and return on investment, 119
Product quality deployment, 73
Product reliability. see reliability
Products, 364
characteristics of, 255
defects, 291
durability life, 289
environmental conditions profile, 289 “290
expected customer life, 289
function diagrams for, 56 “61
functions of, 264
life cycles of, 133
minimum performance requirements, 198
with multiple characteristics, 2 “3
nonconforming , 3
non-price reasons in buying, 114
reliability numbers , 290
reliability of, 288
and sales forecasting, 710
Professional associations, 145, 147
Profitability ratios, 693 “695
Profit after tax (PAT), 693 “694
Profit and loss statements, 667 “668
Profit/equity ratio, 708 “709
Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies. see PIMS
Profit/investment ratio, 708 “709
Profits, 570
analysis of, 704 “707
in annual reports, 671
and axiomatic design, 545
calculating, 668 “669
vs. cash, 678
in cash flow analysis, 701
direction of, 671
maximizing, 661 “662
as part of transactions, 672
planning, 710 “712
and productivity, 459 “460
rating, 695 “696
and ROI (return on investment), 459 “460
in theory of firm, 661 “662
Program management, as measure of quality cost, 500
Progressive-stress testing, 306
Project decision analysis, 612 “613
Project management, 599 “601, 604
decision analysis, 612 “613
in DFSS (design for six sigma), 605 “609
generic seven-step approach to, 603 “605
goal setting in, 608
key integrative processes in, 602
processes in, 601 “602
and quality, 603
in six sigma, 605 “609
succeeding in, 613 “615
value in implementation process, 607 “608
Projects, 599 “601
completing, 605
describing, 603 “604
justification and prioritization of, 610 “613
planning, 604
planning team for, 604
risk factors, 612 “613
scopes of, 565 “567
selecting, 597 “598
starting, 605
Proprietary information, in expanded partnering, 17
PRST (probability ratio sequential testing), 363
Publications, as measure of quality cost, 500
Pugh concept selection, 230 “231
in design FMEA, 267 “268
in DFSS (design for six sigma), 715
in process FMEA, 275 “276
Purchasing
conformance elements in, 505
as measure of quality cost, 501
nonconformance elements in, 505
non-price reasons in, 114
Purchasing performance benchmarks, 157