Sending, Receiving, and Replying to Email

If you have used an email application before, such as Outlook Express, Entourage, or Eudora, using Mail to send, receive, and reply to email will be familiar to you after you learn about the Mail interface.

The main Mail window has four panes. The top pane contains the Mail Toolbar. The second pane from the top is the Message List, in which you see the list of items in the selected mailbox. The lower pane of the Mail window is the reading pane in which you read a mail item that is selected in Message List. All your mailboxes are in the Mailbox pane which appears along the left side of the Mail window (see Figure 15.13).

Figure 15.13. The Mail application uses four panes to enable you to browse, view, and organize your email.

The Message pane of the Mail window behaves much like a Finder in List view. For example, you can change the width of the columns, sort the list of messages, and so on. The columns in the default Mail window are the following (from left to right in Figure 15.13):

• Message status

• Buddy availability

• From

• Subject

• Date Received

The Mailbox pane shows all your mailboxes. You can show the Mailbox pane by selecting View, Show Mailboxes (Shift--M). You can close the pane by selecting View, Hide Mailboxes (Shift--M). You can control the width of the pane by dragging the handle located at the bottom of its outside edge so it is the width you want it to be.

The Mailbox pane contains several mailboxes and folders by default. The Inbox is used to store all your received mail; within the main Inbox is a mailbox for each of your email accounts. You can expand or collapse the contents of a mailbox by using its expansion triangle. You also see Drafts, Sent, and Trash mailboxes; the purpose of each of these should be self-evident. You might also see Drafts and Sent Messages folders for specific types of email accounts.

NOTE

If you use a .Mac, IMAP, or Exchange email account, the Drafts, Junk, and Sent Messages mailboxes appear and have folder icons. These are folders stored on your Mac, whereas the other mailboxes are stored online. If you configured a .Mac email account to store messages online, they are stored in the online folders rather than those stored on your Mac.

Retrieving and Reading Email

There are several ways to retrieve email from your accounts, including

• Setting Mail to retrieve your mail automatically using the General pane of the Mail Preferences window

• Clicking the Get Mail button on the Mail toolbar

• Pressing Shift--N to get new mail in all your accounts

• Selecting Mailbox, Get New Mail in accountname, where accountname is the account from which you want to retrieve your mail

NOTE

The first three methods listed retrieve mail for all the email accounts you have configured in Mail (for those accounts that are enabled and that you set to be included in the retrieve all action using that account's settings).

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You can temporarily hide the Reading pane by double-clicking the border between the Message List and the Reading pane. The Reading pane disappears and the Message list consumes the entire Mail window. Double-click the bottom of the Mail window to reopen the Reading pane. You can change the relative height of the two panes by dragging the resize handle located in the center of the bar between the two panes.

When you get mail, it is placed in the Inbox mailbox for the account to which it was sent. All email is accessible via the top Inbox account, which includes the contents of each account's inbox.

When you receive email, Mail's Dock icon indicates that you have new email and shows you the total number of new messages you have received. If you chose to have Mail play a sound when new mail is received, you hear that sound when mail is received. When you open the Mail icon on the Dock, a list pops up that shows you all the windows open in Mail, as well as some useful commands (see Figure 15.14).

Figure 15.14. When you receive new mail, Mail lets you know how many messages you have received (one in this case); you can quickly access the mailboxes containing the new messages by opening the Mail icon on the Dock and selecting Inbox.

When you select Inbox on the Dock menu, you move into Mail to read your email; each unread message has a blue dot in the Status column to indicate that it is a new message. The number of new messages is also indicated next to the Inbox mailbox.

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You can also create a new message or check for new email from the Mail Dock menu.

If you have more than one email account, each account has its own Inbox. To see all your inboxes, click the expansion arrow next to the Inbox icon (see Figure 15.15). The Inbox for each of your accounts appears. Select an Inbox to see the messages for that account only, or select the Inbox icon to see all your messages at the same time.

Figure 15.15. Each of my email accounts has its own Inbox, as you can see listed under the Inbox icon.

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In Mail, you can display the contents of more than one mailbox at a time. To do so, select File, New Viewer Window (Option--N). In the new Viewer window, select the mailbox whose contents you want to view. You can have as many Viewer windows open as you want. For example, you might select to have a Viewer window open for each of your mail accounts.

If you are unable to retrieve your mail, see "My Mail Can't Be Retrieved" in the "Troubleshooting" section at the end of this chapter.

NOTE

You can see the activity of Mail as it downloads messages using its Activity Viewer. To see the Activity Viewer, select Window, Show Activity Viewer (or press -0).

Reading Individual Messages

To view the contents of a mailbox or folder, select it in the Mailbox pane. The Message list shows the messages contained in that mailbox or folder. To read a message, select it in the Message list and read it in the Reading pane.

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If the sender of a message is included in your Address Book, the name on that person's card is shown in the From box instead of the person's email address (assuming you leave the Smart Addressing preference enabled). If you click the From name or email address, a pop-up menu appears. This menu shows the email address that the message is from and enables you to reply to the message, create a new message, or add the contact to your Address Book.

To read your mail, use the following shortcuts:

• Scroll down in a message by pressing the spacebar.

• Move up and down the messages in the Message List using the up- and down-arrow keys.

• Double-click a message to read it in its own window.

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If the mailbox you are viewing has several messages in it, select those that are interesting to you; hold down the Shift key to select contiguous messages or hold down the key to select messages that are not contiguous. Select View, Display Selected Messages Only. The other messages in the mailbox are hidden and you can quickly read the messages you selected (using the shortcuts mentioned in the previous list). To see all the messages in the mailbox again, select View, Display All Messages.

Working with Email Threads

As you read and reply to messages, each message and its replies become a thread, as in a thread of conversation about a topic (or at least started from a topic). If the "Highlight related messages using color" preference is set, Mail highlights all the messages in a thread with the color you select (it is light blue by default). You can also select to organize a mailbox by threads so that all the mails that form a conversation are grouped together.

To organize messages in the Message List pane by threads, select View, Organize by Thread. Messages that are part of a thread are highlighted in the selected color and are grouped together (see Figure 15.16). Select View, Organize by Thread again to return the Message pane to its previous organization. The messages in a thread are sorted just like other messages in the Message List pane.

Figure 15.16. While all the messages are from me, the top four are part of a thread.

NOTE

If you don't organize by threads, messages in threads are still highlighted with the color indicated in Mail's preferences settings.

Following are some thread tips (these apply when you use the Organize by Thread command):

• The first message in the thread is a summary of the other messages. Select that message to see each sender, title, and date of each message in the thread. At the top of the summary message is the name of the first message in the thread, who started it, and when the first message was sent.

• You can collapse a thread by clicking the expansion triangle next to the summary message. The thread collapses so you see only the summary message. You can also collapse a thread by clicking the up and down arrow icon in the Status column for a message in the thread.

• Select View, Expand All Threads to expand all the threads in a selected mailbox, or select View, Collapse All Threads to collapse all the threads in a selected mailbox.

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Mail defines the messages that make up a thread by a special header element. This means you can change the subject of a reply in a thread and Mail will still recognize that the message is part of the thread. However, not all applications can do this and sometimes header information is removed from a message; therefore, it is usually better to leave the subject as it was when the thread was started.

If the person who sent you a message is in your Address Book and has an image on the related address card, that image appears in the upper-right corner of the email message (see Figure 15.17).

Figure 15.17. The image contained in a person's address card appears in the upper-right corner of a message you receive from that person.

Writing and Sending Email

Writing email in Mail is also quite similar to other email applications. You can create a new mail message in several ways, including the following:

• Click the New button on the toolbar.
  
  
• Select File, New Message.
  
  
• Press -N.
  
  
• Point to a name in the To, From, or Cc block for a message you have received; click it; and select New Message on the resulting pop-up menu. A message is created and is addressed to the person whose name you clicked.
  
  
• Open the Mail's menu on the Dock and select Compose New Message.
  
  

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If you point to the From block on an email message and click, a pop-up menu appears. On this menu, you can see the email address of the person, chat with the recipient, create a new message, open the related address card (if the recipient has a card, that is), or create an address card.

When you create a new message, you see the New Message window (see Figure 15.18). Creating the message is straightforward. If the message is not already addressed, type the email address(es) in the To and Cc fields. Mail attempts to match what you type to the addresses in your Address Book or on the list of previous recipients that Mail maintains automatically. The addresses that match what you type appear on a drop-down list. You can move up and down this list with the up- and down-arrow keys. To select an address on the list, highlight it and it is entered in the message's address box. (If there is only one address for the name you type, it is selected by default.) You can enter multiple addresses in an address field by typing a comma and then repeating the previous steps to add more addresses. When you have added all the addresses in the To field, press Tab to move to the next field.

Figure 15.18. If you have used other email applications, Mail's New Message window will no doubt look familiar.

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Mail automatically tracks a list of people to whom you have sent email. This list is called the Previous Recipients list. When you enter an email address in the To field, Mail attempts to match what you are entering to the recipients on this list. If it finds a match, it fills in the rest of the address for you. You can view the list by selecting Window, Previous Recipients. On this list, you can view addresses to or delete addresses from the list, or add addresses to your Address Book.

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When an address is selected on the drop-down list that appears when Mail attempts to match the address you are typing, you can add it to the message and be ready to enter the next address by pressing comma.

To use your Address Book to address a message, open the Address Book by clicking the Address icon on the New Message window's toolbar or by pressing Option--A. An Addresses window appears that contains the contacts in your Address Book. Browse or search the window to find the people or groups to which you want to send the message. Select the person or group to whom you want to send mail, and click To or Cc to send those addresses to the respective fields in the New Message window.

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You can add a Bcc (blind carbon copy) address line by selecting View, Bcc Address Field or by pressing Option--B. You can add a Reply To address line by selecting View, Reply-To Address Field (or by pressing Option--R). You can use the Reply To Address Field to enter an address to which people should reply if it is different from the return address associated with the account selected on the Account pop-up menu. You can also add either of these fields by opening the pop-up menu just to the left of the Account pop-up menu.

Enter the subject of the message in the Subject field.

Select the account from which you want to send the mail using the Account pop-up menu (your default account is listed automatically). (If you have configured only one account, this menu isn't displayed.)

Mail uses the following three rules to determine the account that is used to send a new message:

• If you have selected a mailbox associated with an account (such as the Inbox for an account), that account is the default for a new message.

• If you selected a default account for new mail on the Composing pane of the Preferences dialog box, that account is used for new mail.

• When you reply to a message, the account to which the original message was sent is selected automatically.

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The New Message window has its own toolbar; you can customize its toolbar just as you can other Mail and Mac OS X toolbars (View, Customize Toolbar).

Select the signature you want to use from the Signature pop-up menu. The default signature for the selected account will be inserted, but you can use the menu to choose a different one.

Move into the body and type your message. As you type, Mail checks your spelling according to your preferences. If you use the "check as I type" option, when Mail identifies a misspelled word, it underlines the word in red. You can Control-click or right-click a misspelled word to pop up a menu that enables you to change the word to the correct spelling, ignore the spelling, or learn the word that Mail thinks is misspelled.

You can right-click or Control-click any word, misspelled or not, to perform a number of actions on it, such as searching for the word on your Mac using Spotlight, searching the Web via Google, looking up the word in the Dictionary application, and so on.

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You can also control Mail's spell checker using the Spelling commands on the Edit menu. You can open the Spelling window by selecting Edit, Spelling, and then Spelling again. You can configure the spell checking by selecting Edit, Spelling, Check Spelling and then choosing the option you want, such as "As You Type."

NOTE

Because I encourage the use of plain-text email rather than formatted email, I won't be addressing formatting email in this chapter. However, if you elect to create RTF messages, use the commands on the Format menu to format them. You can change the format of a new message (plain text or rich text) by selecting Format, Make Plain Text or Format, Make Rich Text.

As you work with a new message, open its contextual menu to gain quick access to various commands, such as formatting commands for an RTF message, Spell Checker controls, and quoting commands.

To send a message, do one of the following:

• Click the Send button on the toolbar.

• Select Message, Send Message.

• Press Shift--D.

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While you're composing a message, you can save it in the Draft mailbox by either selecting File, Save As Draft (-S) or clicking the Save As Draft button on the New Message toolbar. You can leave a message you are working on in your Draft folder as long as you'd like. If you close it, you can open it to work on it again by selecting the Draft folder and double-clicking the message. As you work, Mail saves your messages as drafts periodically, but you can use the command to save them manually.

If your mail can't be sent, see t" in the ""My Mail Can't Be SenTroubleshooting" section at the end of this chapter.

Replying to Email

Replying to messages you receive in Mail is also similar to other applications. By default, Mail marks the different levels of quoting with different colors along with a change bar. As with other applications, you can select the message to which you want to reply and click Reply on the toolbar; select Message, Reply; or press -R, which replies to only the sender of the message. You can also click Reply All; select Message, Reply All; or press Shift--R to reply to everyone to whom the original message was sent.

You can use the same tools to reply to a message as you use to write a new message.

NOTE

You should always quote carefully in your replies. Quoting makes email much more effective because it gives the reader a good context for the information you are providing. Quoting is one reason I prefer plain-text messages. Quoting in a plain-text message is much easier; formatting often gets in the way of clear quoting.

You can also perform the following actions on mail you have received:

• Reply with iChat Select Message, Reply with iChat or press Shift--I if the sender of the message is available via iChat.

• Forward Select Message, Forward or press Shift--F to forward a message to other recipients.

• Redirect Select Message, Redirect or press Shift--E to redirect the message to someone else. The difference between redirecting and forwarding a message is that when you redirect a message, the message's original sender's email address still appears in the From field so the person to whom you redirect the message can reply to the message to send email to the person who sent the message. If you forward a message and the recipient replies to it, the reply comes to you because your address becomes the From address on a forwarded message.

• Bounce Select Message, Bounce or press Shift--B to bounce a message back to the sender. When you do so, the bounce message that is sent makes it appear as if your email address is not valid.

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You can open a message's contextual menu to access many useful commands, such as Reply, Reply All, Forward, and so on.

NOTE

You might be tempted to bounce spam email that you receive. However, this usually doesn't do any good because most spam includes a bogus return address so your bounced message has no legitimate place to go. You can use the Bounce command to respond to email from legitimate organizations that have sent unwanted email to you. Hopefully, the bounce results in your address being removed from the related mailing list. Use Mail's Junk Mail feature to deal with spam.

Deleting Email

You can delete messages by selecting the messages you want to delete and doing one of the following:

• Click the Delete button on the toolbar.

• Select Edit, Delete.

• Drag a message from the Message List pane or mailbox onto the Trash in the Mail Drawer.

• Press Delete.

Deleted messages are stored in the Trash folder in the Mailbox pane. You can open this folder just like other folders you have. Messages aren't actually removed until the Trash folder is emptied.

When you use an IMAP account, such as a .Mac email account, you have to empty the Trash folder to actually remove the messages from the server. If you don't, those messages continue to count against the total storage space you have on the server. Typically, you are limited to a certain storage space for all your messages (under an IMAP or a .Mac account, all your messages remain on the server). Because messages in the Trash folder count against this limit, you should empty this folder more frequently under an IMAP account than you do with POP accounts.

Because they are actually IMAP accounts, .Mac email accounts are limited to a certain amount of storage. If the messages stored in your .Mac email account approach or exceed this limit, you receive email messages warning you that you are exceeding your allotted storage space. To move messages off the server, you need to move them from the Inbox for that account to one of your personal mailboxes stored on your Mac or to the Trash and then empty it.

You can determine whether deleted messages are stored on the server by using the Mailbox Behaviors tab of the Accounts pane of the Mail Preferences window. Open this tab and uncheck the "Store deleted messages on the server" check box. This causes the messages you delete to be downloaded to your Mac, so they won't count against your storage limit.

You can also use the "Permanently erase deleted message when" pop-up menu to select a time period for your deleted messages to be permanently erased.

NOTE

Just like the Inbox, each email account has its own Trash.

To empty Mail's Trash, do one of the following:

• Select Mailbox, Erase Deleted Messages, In All Accounts or press -K.

• Select Mailbox, Erase Deleted Messages, accountname, where accountname is the name of the account whose Trash you want to empty.

• Select Mailbox, Erase Junk Mail or press Option--J to erase the messages stored in the Junk folder (more on that later).

• Open the Trash's contextual menu and select Erase Deleted Messages.

• Use Mail's preferences to set an automatic deletion point, such as a time period or when you quit Mail.