List of Figures

Chapter 1: Introduction to Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), Public Access Locations (PALs), and Hotspot Services

1-1: Technologies addressed in this book

1-2: Anticipated growth of mobile data/3G users in the United States (Source: Dresdner Kleinwort & Siemens Mobile Network marketing data)

1-3: Anticipated growth of wireless users worldwide (Source: UMTS Forum)

1-4: Data-enabled wireless units will equal the number of PCs in the near future. (Source: Nokia)

1-5: Interest in location-based and other wireless/nomadic services (Source: Siemens Mobile Networks [2001 data])

1-6: Revenues for location-based and other wireless/nomadic data services

1-7: Continuum of wireless technologies

1-8: Wireless technologies by Locus

1-9: Ranges of various technologies

1-10: Comparison of line rate and throughput

1-11: Typical cell layout

1-12: Advantages of 802.11a based on cell topology

1-13: WLAN versus WPAN

1-14: The evolution of WWLAN over three decades

1-15: Nominal/actual data rates for various technologies

1-16: Taxonomy of WWANs

1-17: Standards bodies involved in 3G

1-18: Examples of portable terminals supporting hotspot services (Source: GSM World, http://www.gsmworld.com)

1-19: Wireless data evolution possibilities

1-20: 3G examples

1-21: Bandwidth requirements based on applications

1-22: Future all-IP wireless WWANs (Source: Nortel Networks)

1-23: Hotspot services need not wait for complex evolution scenarios.

1-24: Worldwide revenues and percentage allocation

1-25: Example of hotspot network (indoor application)

1-26: Example of hotspot network (outdoor application)

Chapter 2: Standards for Hotspots

2-1: Standardization efforts

Figure 2-2. 802.15 protocol view

2-3: Routing datagrams

2-4: Mobile IP

2-5: Levels of security in practical implementations of IEEE 802.11b technology (Source: Cisco Systems)

Chapter 3: Technologies for Hotspots

3-1: Nonoverlapping channels

3-2: IBSS

3-3: ESS

3-4: FHSS

3-5: DSSS

3-6: DSSS signal operation

3-7: DCF procedure

3-8: Basics of encryption

3-9: WEP

3-10: Bluetooth applications Source: Tom Siep, TI, and Chatschik Bisdikian, IBM

3-11: Circuit-mode data over cellular phone

3-12: GPRS architecture

3-13: GPRS protocol stack

3-14: CDMA2000 network architecture

3-15: CDMA2000 reference model and protocol stack

3-16: Typical 2G network

3-17: Cell hierarchy of a next-generation network

3-18: An all-IP wireless/mobile network

3-19: Relative importance/ penetration of various technologies for hotspot services

Chapter 4: Security Considerations for Hotspot Services

4-1: TLS handshake

4-2: Protected EAP authentication phase

4-3: Roaming in protected EAP

4-4: The setup using the IEEE 802.1X port- based authentication mechanism

4-5: General topology of IEEE 802.1X

4-6: IEEE 802.1X

4-7: Initial Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1X

4-8: An infrastructure mode network

4-9: Typical message exchange

4-10: Central user administration

4-11: Authentication- protocol configuration option format

4-12: EAP packet format

4-13: Request and response packet format

4-14: Success and failure packet format

4-15: Contents of the Type- Data field

4-16: AAA servers in home and local domains

4-17: Security associations

4-18: AAA Servers with Mobile IP Agents

4-19: Home agent allocated by AAAL

4-20: Local payment for local Mobile IP services

4-21: AAA servers using a broker

4-22: RADIUS application

4-23: RADIUS data format

Chapter 5: IEEE 802.11

5-1: Basic protocol model, IEEE 802.11

5-2: BSSs

5-3: DSs and APs

5-4: ESS

5-5: Connecting to other IEEE 802 LANs

5-6: Complete IEEE 802.11 architecture

5-7: IEEE 802.11 architecture (again)

5-8: 802.11 IBSS

5-9: Portion of the ISO/IEC basic reference model covered in the 802.11 standard

5-10: MAC frame format

5-11: Frame Control field

5-12: Sequence Control field

5-13: Frame Control field subfield values within control frames

5-14: RTS frame

5-15: CTS frame

5-16: ACK frame

5-17: PS-Poll frame

5-18: CF-End frame

5-19: CF-End+CF-Ack frame

5-20: Data frame

5-21: Management frame

Figure 5-22. Authentication Algorithm Number fixed field

Figure 5-23. Authentication Transaction Sequence Number fixed field

Figure 5-24. Beacon Interval fixed field

5-25: Capability Information field

5-26: Current AP Address field

5-27: Listen Interval fixed field

5-28: Reason Code fixed field

5-29: AID fixed field

5-30: Status Code fixed field

5-31: Timestamp fixed field

5-32: Element format

5-33: MAC architecture

Chapter 6: IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11a

6-1: Layer reference model

6-2: Long PLCP PDU format

Figure 6-3: PLCP transmit procedure

Figure 6-4: PMD layer reference model

Figure 6-5: PPDU frame format

Figure 6-6: OFDM training structure

Figure 6-7: SIGNAL field bit assignment

Figure 6-8: SERVICE field bit assignment

Figure 6-9: BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM constellation bit encoding

Figure 6-10: Transmitter and receiver block diagram for the OFDM PHY

Figure 6-11: OFDM PHY frequency channel plan for the United States

Figure 6-12: PLCP transmit procedure

Figure 6-13: Primitives

Chapter 7: Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

7-1: World-wide-web programming model

7-2: WAP programming model

7-3: Feature/performance-enhancing proxy

7-4: Supporting services

7-5: A WAP network example

7-6: WAP client architecture

7-7: WAP stack architecture

7-8: An example of WAP 1.x gateway

7-9: An example of WAP HTTP proxy with profiled TCP and HTTP

7-10: An example of WAP proxy support for TLS tunneling

7-11: An example of direct access

7-12: Dual stack support

7-13: Interoperability and compliance

Chapter 8: Designing Nomadic and Hotspot Networks

8-1: Example of hotspot service configuration

8-2: Typical AP

8-3: Typical setup screen

8-4: Antenna types

8-5:   Example of propagation

8-6:   Wireless bridging using Cisco products

8-7: Coverage examples

8-8: Examples of hotspot outdoor topologies

8-9: Examples of Prefabricated Hotspot node/repeater

8-10: Indoor coverage

8-11: Indoors WLAN coverage options (Source: Cisco Systems)

8-12: One AP configuration

8-13: One AP with a bridge

8-14: Multiple AP configuration

8-15: Multiple APs with a bridge

8-16: Connections back to Internet resources

8-17: Example of hotspot installation process

8-18: Specific topological example of hotspot installation

8-19: Traditional NAT configuration

8-20: Basic NAT operation

8-21: Network address port translation (NAPT) operation

8-22: DHCP mechanism

8-23: Format of a DHCP message

8-24: Format of the flags field

8-25: Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between the DHCP client and servers when allocating a new network address

8-26: Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between DHCP client and servers when reusing a previously allocated network address

8-27: State transition diagram for DHCP clients

A-1: Cisco offers a complete range of antennas for client adapter, AP, and bridge equipment that enable a customized wireless solution for almost any installation.

A-2: Optional, higher-gain antennas can be used to extend the range of APs.

A-3: With Cisco Aironet bridge antennas, the correct mounting hardware, and qualified installation, wireless links over great distances and obstacles are possible.

A-4: Cisco Aironet antenna accessories

Chapter 9: Migrating to 3G WWANs

9-1: Evolution paths for WWAN voice and data

9-2: The transition of architecture in future networks

9-3: An all-IP network

9-4: Control plane (signaling) of an all-IP wireless network (Source: Nortel Networks)

9-5: Movement to an all-IP networks (Source: Mark Tubinis Water Cove Network)

9-6: IMT-2000: ITU’s concept for future networks

9-7: 2.5G/3G-to-WLAN interworking