8.7 The UserList, UserDict, and UserString Modules

The UserList, UserDict, and UserString modules each supply one class, with the same name as the respective module, that implements all the methods needed for the class's instances to be mutable sequences, mappings, and strings, respectively. When you need such polymorphism, you can subclass one of these classes and override some methods rather than have to implement everything yourself. In Python 2.2 and later, you can subclass built-in types list, dict, and str directly, to similar effect (see Section 5.2). However, these modules can still be handy if you need to create a classic class in order to keep your code compatible with Python 2.1 or earlier.

Each instance of one of these classes has an attribute called data that is a Python object of the corresponding built-in type (list, dict, and str, respectively). You can instantiate each class with an argument of the appropriate type (the argument is copied, so you can later modify it without side effects). UserList and UserDict can also be instantiated without arguments to create initially empty containers.

Module UserString also supplies class MutableString, which is very similar to class UserString except that instances of MutableString are mutable. Instances of MutableString and its subclasses cannot be keys into a dictionary. Instances of both UserString and MutableString can be Unicode strings rather than plain strings: just use a Unicode string as the initializer argument at instantiation time.

If you subclass UserList, UserDict, UserString, or MutableString and then override _ _init_ _, make sure the _ _init_ _ method you write can also be called with one argument of the appropriate type (as well as without arguments for UserList and UserDict). Also be sure that your _ _init_ _ method explicitly and appropriately calls the _ _init_ _ method of the superclass, as usual.

For maximum efficiency, you can arrange for your subclass to inherit from the appropriate built-in type when feasible (i.e., when your program runs with Python 2.2), but keep the ability to fall back to these modules when necessary (i.e., when your program runs with Python 2.1). Here is a typical idiom you can use for this purpose:

try:                         # can we subclass list?     class _Temp(list):          pass except:                      # no: use UserList.UserList as base class     from UserList import UserList as BaseList else:                        # yes: remove _Temp and use list as base class     del _Temp     BaseList = list class AutomaticallyExpandingList(BaseList):     """a list such that you can always set L[i]=x even for a large i:        L automatically grows, if needed, to make i a valid index."""     def _ _setitem_ _(self, idx, val):         self.extend((1+idx-len(self))*[None])         BaseList._ _setitem_ _(self, idx, val)