End Notes

1. Although the number is microscopically small, party lines are still in use in remote areas, although their continued existence is threatened by the Internet, which doesn't share nicely with other types of services on POTS (plain old telephone service) lines.

2. Ironically, technology is shifting that expectation again. A large number of mobile phone users are willing to forego privacy in exchange for the convenience of making phone calls in subways, cafes, restaurants, movie theaters, and other public places.

3. 389 U.S. 347 (1967).

4. "Employee Monitoring, Investigations, and Privacy Rights," Jackson Lewis LLP, n.d. Available online at http://www.jacksonlewis.com/publications/articles/20010923/default.cfm.

5. "Telephone abuse," Telemate.Net website. Available online at http://www.telemate.net/product/callaccounting/telephoneabuse.asp.

6. The practice of listening in on employee conversations for "quality assurance purposes" began as early as the 1920s.

7. Following the impeachment of President Clinton, that small detail caused Linda Tripp some serious problems; her recordings of her conversations with Monica Lewinsky violated the Maryland eavesdropping law, since she did not have Lewinsky's consent to make the recordings.

8. For a complete list, see "Warning Signs of Covert Eavesdropping or Bugging," Granite Island Group website. Available online at www.tscm.com/warningsigns.html.

9. The process is essentially the same as the one used to record music on an audiocassette tape.

10. "History of the Remote Control," n.p., n.d. Available online at www.modellbahnott.com/tqpage/ihistory.html.

11. "Infra-" is a prefix from the Latin word meaning "below"; infrared rays have frequencies that are below those of red light. By comparison, ultraviolet rays have frequencies that are higher ("ultra-") than violet light. Herschel is scheduled to be honored for his discovery in 2007 with the launch of the Herschel Space Observatory, an infrared-based telescope being operated by the European Space Agency.

12. One of the fascinating aspects of the World Wide Web is that it enables people to demonstrate their unquestionable expertise on incredibly arcane subjects. One of the premier examples of this phenomenon is Craig S. Johnson's LED Museum, which is devoted to the history and taxonomy of light emitting diodes (ledmuseum.home.att.net/ledleft.htm). Mr. Johnson claims to have spent 11,000 hours over the last thirteen years to creating and maintaining his website, and there is utterly no reason to disbelieve him.

13. Roy Want, Andy Hopper, Veronica Falcao, and Jonathon Gibbons, "The Active Badge Location System," ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol. 10, no. 1 (January 1992), pp. 91–102.

14. Versus Technology, Inc., "Phone Vision™," n.d. Available online at www.versustech.com/phonevis.htm.

15. "Pro-Giene System," UltraClenz, Inc., n.d. Available online at www.ultraclenz.com/index.html.

16. Richard Pollack, employee for Metro Networks, quoted in an article by David M. Halbfinger, "Spread of Surveillance Cameras Raises Prospect of Prying Eyes," The New York Times (February 22, 1998).

17. An idea espoused by writer David Brin in detail in his book, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose between Privacy and Freedom? (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Publishing, 1999).

18. Jeffrey Rosen, "A Cautionary Tale for a New Age of Surveillance," New York Times Magazine (October 7, 2001).

19. Vance Packard, The Naked Society (New York: Van Rees Press, 1964), pp. 77, 85–86.

20. Richard C. Hollinger and Jason L. Davis, 2001 National Retail Security Survey—Final Report, University of Florida Security Research Project (2002). Available online at web.soc.ufl.edu/SRP/NRSS_2001.pdf.

21. George Orwell, 1984 (New York: Penguin Books, 1981), pp. 6–7.

22. "CCD" stands for charge-couple device.

23. Kristen Philipkoski, "'Eye' Chip Tracks Movement," Wired.com (April 10, 1999).

24. Mark Boal, "Spycam City," The Village Voice (September 30, 1998).

25. Chris Reidy and Hiawatha Bray, "Camera can bare too much; Sony calls halt to shipments," Boston Globe (August 13, 1998).

26. David Heinsmann, "Customs Agent at Chicago Airport Get Better Look with Body Scanner," Chicago Tribune (November 23, 1999).

27. Lisa Lipman, "Airport Searches Reveal More than Passengers Know," Associated Press (August 21, 2000).