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objects, explicit route, 63
one-to-many redundancy protection, 86
one-to-one redundancy protection, 85
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF-TE) routing protocol, 35
Open Systems Interconnection model. See OSI model
operational expense (OpEx), 237
OPNET
MPLS model, 120–121
products for traffic engineering, 119
optical networking protection and recovery, 137
Optical User Interface (OPI), 137
optical virtual private networks (OVPNs), 128
ordered control, pushed, 29
OSI model, MPLS shim header and, 4
OSPF-TE (Open Shortest Path First) routing protocol, 35
over-provisioning, 111–112, 117–119
overlay model, VPN, 150
OVPNs (optical virtual private networks), GMPLS on, 128
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