References

[1] S. W. Smoliar and H. Zhang, Content-based video indexing and retrieval, IEEE Multimedia, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 62–75, 1994.

[2] M. J. Swain and D. H. Ballard, Color indexing, Int'l Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 7, pp. 11–32, 1991.

[3] J. Huang,S. R. Kumar,M. Mitra,W.-J., Zhu, and R. Zabih, Image Indexing Using Color Correlograms, in Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1997, pp. 762–768.

[4] R. M. Haralick,K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein, Texture feature for image classification, IEEE Trans. on System, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 610–621, Nov. 1973.

[5] M. K. Hu, Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants, IRE Trans. on Information Theory, vol. 8, pp. 179–187, 1962.

[6] X. S. Zhou and T. S. Huang, Edge-based structural feature for content-based image retrieval, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 22, no. 5, pp 457–468, Apr. 2001.

[7] Q. Tian,N. Sebe,M. S. Lew,E. Loupias, and T. S. Huang, Image retrieval using wavelet-based salient points, Journal of Electronic Imaging, Special Issue on Storage and Retrieval of Digital Media, vol. 10, no. 4, pp 835–849, Oct. 2001.

[8] E. Wold,T. Blum,D. Keislar, and J. Wheaton, Content-based classification, search, and retrieval of audio, IEEE Multimedia Magazine, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 27–36, July–Sept. 1996.

[9] T. Sato,T. Kanade,E. Hughes, and M. Smith, Video OCR for Digital News Archive, in Proc. Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Libraries, Los Alamitos, CA, Jan. 1998, pp 52–60.

[10] K. Fukunaga, Introduction to Statistical Patter Recognition, New York: Academic Press, 1971.

[11] Y. Ishikawa,R. Subramanya, and C. Faloutsos, MindReader: Query Databases Through Multiple Examples, in Proc. The 24^th Int'l Conf. on Very Large Data Bases, New York, 1998, pp. 433–438.

[12] Y. Rui and T. S. Huang, Optimizing Learning in Image Retrieval, in Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Hilton Head Island, SC, June 2000, pp. 236–243.

[13] X. S. Zhou and T. S. Huang, Comparing Discriminating Transformations and SVM for Multimedia Retrieval, in Proc. 9^th ACM Int'l Conf. on Multimedia, Ottawa, Canada. Sept. 2001, pp. 137–146.

[14] S. Tong and E. Chang, Support Vector Machine Active Learning for Image Retrieval, in Proc. ACM Multimedia, Ottawa, Canada, Sept. 2001

[15] Facelt SDK, Visionics Corporate Website, http://www.visionics.com.

[16] S. Satoh and T. Kanade, NAME-IT: Association of Face and Name in Video, in Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1997.

[17] D. A. Forsyth and M. M. Fleck, Finding People and Animals by Guided Assembly, in Proc. IEEE Int'l Conf. on Image Processing, Santa Barbara, CA, Oct. 1997.

[18] M. R. Naphade,T. Kristjansson,B. Frey, and T. S. Huang, Probabilistic Multimedia Objects Multijects: A Novel Approach to Indexing and Retrieval in Multimedia Systems, in Proc. IEEE Int'l Conf. on Image Processing, vol. 3, Chicago, Oct. 1998, pp. 536–540.

[19] Q. Iqbal and J. K. Aggarwal, Applying Perceptual Grouping to Content-based Image Retrieval: Building Images, in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1999, pp. 42–48.

[20] P. Enser and C. Sandom, Retrieval of Archival Moving Imagery: CBIR Out of the Frame?, in Proc. Int'l Conf. on Image and Video Retrieval, London, UK, July 2002.

[21] The CYC Knowledge Base, Cycorp, Inc. website: http://www.cyc.com.

[22] X. S. Zhou and T. S. Huang, Relevance feedback for image retrieval: A comprehensive review, ACM Multimedia Systems Journal, special issue on CBIR, in press, 2002.

[23] G. Salton, Automatic Text Processing, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989.

[24] Y. Rui,T. S. Huang,M. Ortega, and S. Mehrotra, Relevance feedback: A power tool in interactive content-based image retrieval, IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 644–655, Sept. 1998.

[25] K. Tieu and P. Viola, Boosting Image Retrieval, in Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Hilton Head Island, SC, June 2000, pp. 228–235.

[26] N. Vasconcelos and A. Lippman, Bayesian Relevance Feedback for Content-based Image Retrieval, in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Content-based Access of Image and Video Libraries, Hilton Head Island, SC, June 2000, pp. 63–67.

[27] X. S. Zhou and T. S. Huang, Small Sample Learning During Multimedia Retrieval Using BiasMap, in Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Hawaii, Dec. 2001.

[28] X. S. Zhou and T. S. Huang, Unifying keywords and contents in image retrieval, IEEE Multimedia, April–June Issue, 2002.

[29] T. Cox and M. Cox, Multidimensional Scaling. London: Chapman & Hall, 1994.

[30] S. Roweis and L. Saul, Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding, Science, vol. 290, no.5500, pp. 2323–2326, Dec. 2000.

[31] V. Vapnik, The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. New York: Springer, 1995.

[32] A. W. M. Smeulders,M. Worring,S. Santini,A. Gupta, and R. C. Jain, Content-based image retrieval at the end of the early years, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1349–1380, Dec. 2000.

[33] R. W. Picard,T. P. Minka, and M. Szummer, Modeling User Subjectivity in Image Libraries, in Proc. IEEE Int'l Conf. on Image Processing, Lausanne, Sept. 1996, pp. 777–780.

[34] P. Comon, Independent component analysis - a new concept?, Signal Processing, vol. 36, pp. 287-314, 1994.

[35] R. Schettini,G. Ciocca, and I. Gagliardi, Content-based Color Image Retrieval with Relevance Feedback, in Proc. IEEE Int'l Conf. on Image Processing, Kobe, 1999.

[36] I. J. Cox,M. Miller,T. Minka, and P. Yianilos, An Optimized Interaction Strategy for Bayesian Relevance Feedback, in Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Santa Barbara, CA. June 1998, pp. 553–558.

[37] S. D. MacArthur,C. E. Brodley, and C. Shyu, Relevance Feedback Decision Trees in Content-based Image Retrieval, in Proc. of the IEEE Workshop on Content-Based Access to Image and Video Libraries, June 2000, pp. 68–72.

[38] Y. Freund and R. E. Schapire, A short introduction to boosting, Journal of Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 771–780, Sept. 1999.

[39] Y. Chen,X. S. Zhou, and T. S. Huang, One-class SVM for Learning in Image Retrieval, in Proc. IEEE Int'l Conf. on Image Processing, Thessaloniki, Greece, Oct. 2001.

[40] P. Hong,Q. Tian, and T. S. Huang, Incorporate Support Vector Machines to Content-based Image Retrieval with Relevance Feedback, in Proc. IEEE Int'l Conf. on Image Processing, Vancouver, Canada, Sept. 2000.

[41] C. Meilhac and C. Nastar, Relevance Feedback and Category Search in Image Databases, in Proc. IEEE Int'l Conf. on Multimedia Computing and Systems, Florence, Italy, June 1999, pp. 512–517.

[42] Y. Wu,Q. Tian, and T. S. Huang, Discriminant EM Algorithm with Application to Image Retrieval, in Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Hilton Head Island, SC, June, 2000, pp. 222–227.

[43] R. O. Duda and P. E. Hart, Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1973.

[44] J. Friedman, Regularized discriminant analysis, Journal of American Statistical Association, vol. 84, no. 405, pp. 165–175, 1989.

[45] X. S. Zhou and T. S. Huang, A Generalized Relevance Feedback Scheme for Image Retrieval, in Proc. SPIE Photonics East Vol. 4210: Internet Multimedia Management Systems, Boston, MA, Nov. 2000.

[46] B. Scholkopf,C. Burges, and A. Smola, Advances in Kernel Methods: Support Vector Learning, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1999.

[47] B. Scholkopf,A. Smola, and K.-R. Muller, Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problem, Neural Computation, vol. 10, pp. 1299–1319, 1998.

[48] G. Baudat and F. Anouar. Generalized discriminant analysis using a kernel approach, Neural Computation, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2385–2404, 2000.

[49] S. Mika,G. Ratsch, and K.-R. Muller, A mathematical programming approach to the kernel Fisher algorithm, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol. 13, T. Leen, T. Dietterich, and V. Tresp, Eds., Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001, pp. 591–597.

[50] X. S. Zhou, Content-based access of image and video data, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA, 2002.