| So far, the reports you have created have returned all the records from your database. Sometimes this is appropriate, but often reports need to filter the data based on specified criteria. This is most relevant when you're working with large databases in which there can easily be hundreds of thousands of records returned from a query, especially when table joins are applied. As with many features in Crystal Reports, there are multiple ways to filter data: Using the Select Expert This simple method provides a visual way to specify filtering. Using the Record Selection Formula This more granular, yet powerful, method involves creating a custom formula language expression to determine the filter criteria.
Regardless of the method used to filter your report, you should always make best efforts to filter on indexed database fields. By filtering on indexed fields, you realize the greatest performance on the database server. You can determine the indexed fields in a table by using the Crystal Reports Links tab on the Database Expert accessible from the Database menu. Use the Index Legend button and dialog provided to understand the different index markers in your database tables. Working with the Select Expert The Select Expert is a design tool that enables you, the report designer, to specify basic yet powerful filters for the current report using a graphical design dialog. Figure 3.1 shows the Select Expert dialog. Let's work through an illustrative example of filtering using the Select Expert. Taking what you have learned so far about creating simple columnar reports, create a new report from the Xtreme Sample Database 11, adding the Customer Name and Last Year's Sales fields from the Customer table to the details section of the report. Follow these steps to add a filter to this report: Figure 3.1. The Select Expert provides access to easy-to-use filtering functionality from a graphical interface. 
1. | To invoke the Select Expert, click its button found on the Experts toolbar or, alternatively, select the Select Expert option from the Report menu.
| 2. | The first step in creating a filter is to choose which field the filter should be created on. Accordingly, the Choose Field dialog is displayed. Both fields that are present in the report and fields from the database are listed. A field does not need to be on the report to create a filter using it. At this point, if you forget which values are stored in any of the fields listed, click the Browse button to see a sample list of values. For this example, choose Last Year's Sales field and click OK. The Select Expert dialog appears, as shown in Figure 3.1.
Tip Another quick and directed method of accessing the Select Expert is through the right-click menu available on any data field. This method opens the Select Expert directly with the specified field already selected as the filtered field and bypassing the Choose Field dialog. | 3. | The Select Expert has a group of tabsone for each filter defined inside that report. In the case of your sample report, there is only one tab for the Last Year's Sales field and another called <New>, which is used to define additional filters. By default, the filter setting on the Last Year's Sales tab is set to Is Any Value. This means that regardless of the value of the Last Year's Sales field, all records are included in the report. To change the filter in a report, change the value of the drop-down list. For this example, change it to Is Equal To.
| | | 4. | When this option is selected, another drop-down list appears. If the exact value to filter the field on is known, it can be typed into this list box. However, in this case, you might not know exactly what the values of the field are, so you are provided with the capability to browse that field's values by simply pulling down the drop-down list. Choose the $300.00 value listed in the drop-down list, or type it in and click OK.
Tip Often when modifying filters and selections in the report designer, Crystal Reports displays a message asking the user if she wants to use the saved data in the report or refresh the data from the database. Using the saved data in the report is usually a good option because it does not incur a new query to the database. However, especially when modifying filters, it can cause some confusing results because the set of saved data in the report might or might not consist of all the records in the database; that is, a filter might have already been applied. So when modifying filters, it's best to refresh the data whenever Crystal Reports asks you. | 5. | When returning to the report, you should notice that the report now only displays a single record: the Has Been Bikes company that had sales of $300. A more useful filter would be to show all records that were above or below a threshold. To accomplish this, re-open the Select Expert. This time, change the Is Equal To criteria to Is Greater Than and type 100,000 into the list box. When closing the Select Expert and returning to the report, a small collection of records should be returned (approximately 17). In just a few seconds, you've created a report showing your top customers.
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A few more filter types can be applied to a report. Apply these various types of filters with the following steps: 1. | Open the Select Expert again and change the criteria from Is Greater Than to Is Between.
| 2. | This time, two list boxes are presented, each corresponding to an upper and lower bound. Type in the values 2,000 and 3,000, respectively (as shown in Figure 3.2), and click OK. The report displays all customers with sales between $2,000 and $3,000.
Figure 3.2. Modify the report to display customers with sales between $2,000 and $3,000. 
| 3. | So far, only the Last Year's Sales field has been used as a filter. However, any field can be used as a filter, although there are slightly different options for various field types. Go back into the Select Expert and, while on the Last Year's Sales tab, click the Delete button to remove that filter.
| 4. | Add a new filter on the Customer Name field by clicking the New button and selecting the Customer Name field from the subsequent dialog.
| 5. | To have the report only show a single customer's record, leave the criteria as Is Equal To and choose Alley Cat Cycles from the drop-down list. Applying this filter results in the report only showing a single record.
| | | 6. | Return to the Select Expert and change the criteria to Is One Of. This option enables you to choose multiple values. Each time a value is selected from the drop-down list, it is added to the bottom of the list box. Select Alley Cat Cycles, Bikes R Us, and Hikers and Bikers and notice how the report now reflects those three records.
| 7. | Next, remove the three values previously selected by highlighting them and clicking the Remove button. Now change the criteria to Is Like and type Wheel* into the drop-down list. Click Add or press Enter to add this item to the list. Applying this filter results in the report showing all customers whose names begin with the word Wheel.
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Tip When using the Is Like option, an * acts as a wildcard for any number of characters, whereas an ? acts as a wildcard for only a single character. This can be quite useful when you're searching through textual fields for a specific text pattern.
The last thing this chapter covers with respect to the Select Expert is applying multiple filters. To do so, perform the following steps: 1. | Start from scratch and delete any filters you have applied by clicking the Delete button on each tab.
| 2. | Click the New button and add a new filter using the Last Year's Sales field.
| 3. | Change the criteria to Is Less Than and the value to 5,000. This filter would result in showing all customers with sales of less than $5,000, but let's apply another condition.
| 4. | Click the New button and add a new filter based on the Country field. Note that this is slightly different from the previous filters that have been creatednot only because more than one filter is being applied at the same time, but also because the filter being created is based on a field that is not present on the report.
| | | 5. | Change the criteria for the Country filter to Is Equal To and choose Canada from the drop-down list. Clicking OK applies this filter, resulting in a report with multiple conditions: customers from Canada with sales below $5,000. See Figure 3.3 for the filtered output of this report.
Figure 3.3. A filter is applied to show all Canadian customers with sales less than $5,000. 
Note The two filters that were just added to the report are concatenated together by default with a logical AND statement, that is, All Customers with Last Year's Sales of less than $5,000 AND from Canada. This can be edited in the Formula Editor accessible from the Show Formula button on the Select Expert. This is discussed in the next section. |
The Record Selection Formula Although the Select Expert is quite powerful, there are certain situations where you need to define a filter that is more complex than the Select Expert allows. Fortunately, Crystal Reports has a built-in formula language that enables custom expressions to be defined as a filter. In fact, this is one of the strengths of the Crystal Reports product: being able to use the formula language to attain a high level of control in various aspects of report creation. Although you might not have realized it, even when you were using the Select Expert, a formula was being generated in the background that defined the filter. To see this in action, open the Select Expert and click the Show Formula button. This expands the Select Expert dialog to reveal the formula being generated. This formula is called the record selection formula. Notice that the formula's value is as follows: {Customer.Last Year's Sales} < $5000.00 and {Customer.Country} = "Canada"
The formula language is covered in more detail in Chapter 11, "Using Record Selections and Alerts for Interactive Reporting," but the following are the key points to learn right now. In formulas, braces denote a field. For database fields, the table and field name are included and are separated by a period. The rest of the formula is a statement that tests whether the sales value is less than $5,000. Think of a record selection formula as an expression that evaluates to a true or false result. For each record in the database, Crystal Reports applies the record selection formula, plugging in the current field values in place of the fields in braces. If the result of the statement is TRue, the record is included in the report. If the result of the statement is False, the record is excluded from the report. Let's look at an example. The first record in the Customer's table is that of City Cyclists who had sales of $20,045.27. For this record, Crystal Reports evaluates the preceding formula, substituting $20,045.27 in place of {Customer.Last Year's Sales}. Because this value is not less than $5,000, this statement is False and the record is not included in the report. To see what other formulas look like, change the filter using the Select Expert to a few different settings and observe how the formula changes. Working with the Formula Editor The formula shown at the bottom of the Select Expert is not just for informational purposes: It can be edited in-place. However, a much better editor exists for formulas. It's called the Formula Editor (shown in Figure 3.4), and it can be invoked by clicking the Formula Editor button in the Select Expert or by selecting the Report menu and choosing Selection Formulas, Record. Although the formula language doesn't change, the process of creating formulas becomes much simpler because of a focused user interface. Figure 3.4. The Formula Editor provides quick access to powerful formula creation capabilities. 
Learn to use the Formula Editor by creating a simple record selection formula. This formula attempts to filter out any customers who owe more than $5,000 in tax. Tax liability will be defined as 2% of the customer's sales figure. To implement this, work through the following steps: 1. | To begin, launch the Formula Editor as described previously and delete the existing selection formula.
| 2. | Next, create an expression that calculates the tax liability. To do this, enter the following expression:
{Customer.Last Year's Sales} * 0.02
| | | 3. | The previous expression now represents the customer's tax obligation. To complete the expression to filter out all customers who owe less than $5,000 in tax, modify the formula to look like this:
({Customer.Last Year's Sales} * 0.02) > 5000
| 4. | To complete the formula and apply the filter, click the Close button at the top-left corner of the Formula Editor window, and then click OK to close the Select Expert. Focus returns to the report, and when data is refreshed, only a handful of customers should be listed on the report.
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Both the formula language and the Formula Editor are topics unto themselves and will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 4, "Understanding and Implementing Fomulas" and Chapter 11, "Using Record Selections and Alerts for Interactive Reporting." |
