IP address information applied to the network interface consists of an IP address (a unique, logical 32-bit address that identifies the computer and its subnet), subnet mask (when applied to an IP address it determines what portion is the host address and what is the subnet), default gateway (the router's address that leads to the main network or public Internet), DNS server address (IP address of the DNS server where names are resolved to IP addresses), and Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) server address (IP address of the server that provides NetBIOS name to IP address resolution). Each network connection in My Network Places represents a separate adapter and separate IP address information. When you choose Bridge Network Connections in Windows XP, you are creating a bridge that joins the networks of two separate adapters in a dual-homed Windows XP computer. The Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing (APIPA) system provides an alternate configuration to DHCP for automatic IP addressing. APIPA defines its IP addresses in the range of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254. The subnet mask on these addresses is configured as 255.255.0.0. Table 21 describes the IP address classes, including the maximum number of networks and number of hosts per network for each class.
Table 21. IP Address ClassesClass | Dotted Decimal Range | First Octet Binary | Usage | Number of Networks | Number of Hosts Per Network |
|---|
A | 1.0.0.0
126.255.255.255 | 0xxxxxxx | Large networks/ISPs | 126 | 16,777,214 | B | 128.0.0.0
191.255.255.255 | 10xxxxxx | Large or mid-size networks/ISPs | 16,382 | 65,534 | C | 192.0.0.0
223.255.255.255 | 110xxxxx | Small networks | 2,097,150 | 255 | D | 224.0.0.0
239.255.255.255 | 1110xxxx | Multicasting | N/A | N/A | E | 240.0.0.0
254.255.255.255 | 1111xxxx | Reserved for future use | N/A | N/A | Loopback | 127.0.0.1
127.255.255.255 | 01111111 | Loopback testing | N/A | N/A | Private IP Class A address | 10.0.0.0
10.255.255.255 | 00001010 | Reserved for a private network | 1 | 16,777,214 | Private IP Class B address | 172.16.0.0
172.16.255.255 | 10101100 | Reserved for a private network | 1 | 65,534 | Private IP Class C address | 192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255 | 11000000 | Reserved for a private network | 254 | 254 |
Know how to use Event Viewer, Ipconfig, Ping, Ftp, Nbtstat, Netstat, Nslookup, and tracert. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a dial-up protocol that supports TCP/IP and IPX/SPX and others with advanced compression and encryption functions. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) is an older dial-up protocol originally created for Unix that supports only TCP/IP. Tunneling protocols are used for virtual private networks (VPNs). They are Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), which supports multiple networking protocols; and Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), which also supports multiple networking protocols and is used with IP Security (IPSec). Table 22 describes remote access authentication protocols and their security methods.
Table 22. Authentication Protocols for Remote AccessAcronym | Name | Security |
|---|
CHAP | Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol | One-way authentication. Server authenticates client. | EAP | Extensible Authentication Protocol | Not used to provide its own security, enables enhanced interoperability and efficiency of authentication process. | MS-CHAP | Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol | One-way authentication. Server authenticates client. | MS-CHAPv2 | Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol version 2 | Mutual (two-way) authentication. | PAP | Password Authentication Protocol | Clear-text, one-way authentication. Least secure method. | SPAP | Shiva Password Authentication Protocol | Reversible encryption, one-way authentication. | Smart cards | Certificates | Certificate-based, two-way authentication. |
The most secure protocol is certificate based. The next most secure is MS-CHAPv2. The least secure is PAP. Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) can be configured on a Windows XP Professional computer to share its Internet connection with other computers on its local network. ICS runs a simplified DHCP service, DNS forwarder, Network Address Translation (NAT), and TCP/IP traffic forwarding. Table 23 lists various commands that are used to access networked resources via a web browser.
Table 23. Accessing Resources Via a BrowserCommand | Sample URL | Usage |
|---|
http:// | http://www.microsoft.com | Downloads HTML files from Internet web servers and displays the file within the browser. | https:// | https://www.microsoft.com | Uses SSL to download HTML files so that the information exchanged is secured. | ftp:// | ftp://ftp.microsoft.com | Downloads a file from an FTP server. | File:// | File://server/share/folder/file | Opens the file specified from a network server. | http:// | http://printserver/printers | Displays a list of the printers that are being shared by a computer configured with IIS for sharing printers. | http:// | http://printserver/printer | Opens the printer page for the printer. | http:// | http://username:password@
www.intranet.local | Automatically inputs a username and password to access a password-protected website. |
Remote Assistance and Remote Desktop both use Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). To share a Remote Desktop session, you open the System applet in Control Panel, click the Remote tab and check the box next to Allow Users to Connect Remotely to This Computer. Then you must click the Add Users button to select the users allowed to connect. Remote Desktop privileges are automatically granted to any member of the Administrators group. Remote Assistance allows a user running a Windows XP computer on a network to request assistance online, or for an expert to offer assistance remotely. The expert's session is a shadow of the user's console. To request Remote Assistance, you use Help and Support in the Start menu. Remote Assistance requests can be made through Windows Messenger, email, or file.
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