Endnotes

1. We use the word company in this book to mean any entity ”corporation, limited partnership, government agency, or not-for-profit organization ”established to provide goods or services.

2. Seeing the handwriting on the wall, the author closed the export service in the early 1990s.

3. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999), p. 45.

4. Alan Kotok and Ralph Lyman, Print Communications and the Electronic Media Challenge (Plainview, NY: Jelmar Publishing, 1997), pp. 91 “96.

5. Kotok and Lyman, p. 97.

6. For more about data mining, see the KDNuggets site at www.kdnuggets.com/.

7. Friedman, pp. 16 “18.

8. CNN.com, "It's Official:Teamsters End UPS Strike," 20 August 1997. See www.cnn.com/US/9708/20/ups.update.early/.

9. InformationWeek Online, "AMR to Spin Off Sabre," 14 December 1999. See www.informationweek.com/story/IWK19991214S0004.

10. Nick Lanyon and Alan Kotok, Open Travel Alliance White Paper, version 2.0, February 2000, pp. 11 “12. See www.opentravel.org/opentravel/docs/OTA_WhitePaper2.pdf.

11. A full discussion of this complex subject goes well beyond the scope of this book. See the Antitrust Policy web site at www.antitrust.org/ for more resources on this topic.

12. Adam Dell, "Meeting Supplier Demand," Business 2.0, March 2000. See www.impactvp.com/press/articles/b2_03_13_00.html.

13. IDC, "Exchanges Under Scrutiny," eBusiness Trends no. 14, 6 July 2000.

14. Covisint news releases, 11 September and 26 September 2000.

15. "Old-Line Companies Are Transforming the Rusty Supply Chain," Mercer Management Briefs, 2nd quarter 2000, www.mercermc.com/Press/NewsReleases/Briefs00/valuenets-2q00.html.

16. Deb Navas, " Cutting Edge CGM ," ID Systems, September 2000, p. 22.

17. See the Uniform Code Council web site at www.uc-council.org/ for more information on acquiring a UPC company code.

18. See www. uccnet .org/.

19. See John Robertson, "Steel Identification Is Moving Toward Bar Codes," www.infosight.com/wp-sibc.htm, for a discussion of steel industry bar codes, and www2.gca.org/store/product.asp?id=219 for paper industry bar codes.

20. Peter Fingar, Harsha Kumar, and Tarun Sharma, Enterprise E-Commerce (Meghan-Kiffer Press, January 2000). Reproduced with permission.

21. Forrester Research, "B2B Auctions Go Beyond Price," May 2000. See www.forrester.com/ER/Baseline/QuickView/0,1338,9306,00.html.

22. Friedman, pp. 93 “95.

23. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, "Venture Capital Transcends Stock Market, Q2 Investments Hit Another Record High of $19.5 Billion," MoneyTree, Highlights Q2 2000. See www.pwcmoneytree.com/highlights.asp.

24. Wayne Rash, "Plot a Sound Internet Strategy and Investment Will Soon Follow," InternetWeek Online, 8 May 2000. See www.internetwk.com/columns00/rash050800.htm.

25. Boston Consulting Group, "U.S. Business-to-Business E-Commerce to Reach $4.8 Trillion in 2004." See www.bcg.com/media_center/media_press_release_subpage22.asp.

26. Thanks to Alice Cronquist, EDI Systems Manager of Compaq Computers, for this information.

27. Forrester Research, "eMarketplaces Boost B2B Trade," February 2000. See www.forrester.com/ER/Research/Report/0,1338,8919,FF.html.

28. Gartner Group, "Worldwide Business-to-Business Internet Commerce to Reach $8.5 Trillion in 2005," 13 March 2001. See www4.gartner.com/5_about/press_room/pr20010313a.html.

29. Boston Consulting Group, "U.S. Business-to-Business E-Commerce to Reach $4.8 Trillion in 2004," 6 September 2000. See www.bcg.com/media_center/media_press_release_subpage22.asp.

30. Ken Popovich for eWEEK, February 6, 2001 10:56 AM ET. See www.eweek.com/a/pcwt0102063/2682559/.

31. Boston Consulting Group, "Online Retail Market in North America to Reach $65 Billion in 2001," 2 May 2001. See www.bcg.com/media_center/media_press_release_subpage44.asp.

32. Jupiter Communications, "Jupiter: US Internet B-to-B Trade Soars to $6 Trillion in 2005, Businesses Must Invest in Multiple Selling Models or Risk Market Share," 26 June 2000. See www.jup.com/company/pressrelease.jsp?doc=pr000626.

33. IDC, "Forget B2C, B2B Is the Real Driver of eCommerce in Europe," 31 July 2000. See www.idcresearch.com/emea/press/PR/EIN073100PR.stm.

34. David R.R.Webber, "Practical ebXML." Presentation to XML World, Boston, Massachusetts, 5 September 2000.

35. Webber, XML World, 5 September 2000.

36. For an excellent discussion of CRM, see a white paper by Tony Zingale, "The Death of Customer Satisfaction ” CRM in the Internet Age," with links to more resources on the subject, at http://zingale.crmproject.com/.

37. Dylan Tweney, "Red Gorilla Plays Monkey in the Middle," eCompany Now, 31 August 2000, www.ecompanynow.com/articles/web/1,1653,7525,00.html.

38. The DLA E-Mall web site is https ://www.emallmom01.dla.mil/scripts/default.asp.

39. See www.uc-council.org/ for more information about UPC bar codes.

40. In this section, we discuss EDI mainly from the North American standpoint, focusing on the X12 standard used in the U.S. and Canada.The principles behind EDI in North America apply equally to its practice elsewhere in the world.

41. ASC X12, "What is EDI?" See www.x12.org/x12org/about/index.html?whatis.html.

42. Computer Advocacy Inc., "EDI ”Some History." See www.computeradvocacy.com/edi/history.htm.

43. For the text of the final rules and more information about the HIPAA law, see the Department of Health and Human Services' HIPAA web site at http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/admnsimp/.

44. Alan Kotok, "XML and EDI: Lessons Learned and Baggage to Leave Behind," XML.com, 4 August 1999. See www.xml.com/pub/1999/08/edi/index.html.

45. Alan Kotok, " XML for Business Data ”the Next Step for the Internet or a Technology Out of Control? " UN Economic Commission for Europe,World Markets Research Centre (U.K.), 22 June 2000, pp. 199 “201.

46. AISI/OP Council. "Recommended Evaluated Receipts Settlement (ERS) Process. Standard Business Practices Guideline for Trade Between Steel Producers, Outside Processors and Warehouses," November 1998. See www.steel.org/op/Erssop4.htm.

47. "About Kodak Canada,Vendor Managed Inventory." See www.kodak.com/country/CA/en/corp/engVendorManagedInventory.shtml.

48. "CPFR Introduction." See www.cpfr.org/Intro.html.

49. Industry Directions Inc. and Synchra Systems Inc., " The Next Wave of Supply Chain Advantage: Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment ,"April 2000, pp. 2 “3.

50. Rachel Foerster, "The Next Generation EC/EDI Standards," The Executive Summary, January 1999. See www.rfa-edi.com/OO-edi.htm.

51. The systems manager for a publishing company told one of the authors that after she discovered the increasing numbers of books, standards, guidelines, and consultants needed to do EDI, she felt like Groucho Marx in the classic scene in the film "A Day at the Races," in which Chico sells Groucho an entire set of reference books to make a bet on a horse race. Read the film dialogue for yourself at www.filmsite.org/daya.html.

52. See www.unece.org/ cefact / for more information about the UN/EDIFACT standard.

53. U.S. Census Bureau, "Statistics About Small Business and Large Business from the U.S. Census Bureau." See www.census.gov/epcd/www/smallbus.html.

54. IDC, "Small Businesses Are Hip," eBusiness Trends, 7 September 2000. See www.idc.com/ebusinesstrends/ebt20000907home.stm.

55. Correspondence with Michael Kotok, 23 “25 September 2000.Arctic Fisheries Inc. (www.arcticfisheries.com/) is owned by Mark Kotok, brother of the co-author. Michael Kotok is the vice president and nephew of the co-author .

56. Kotok, " XML and EDI: Lessons Learned and Baggage to Leave Behind ."