Summary

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In this chapter we have covered various issues related to analyzing, improving, and monitoring J2EE web application performance and scalability. The topics we covered include:

• The impact of architectural decisions on web application performance and scalability

• Design issues for improving performance and scalability, such as session management, data access, handling business logic, and using message-based interfaces

• Coding tips for improving performance

• Load balancing and clustering

• Using various commercial and freeware tools for performance and scalability monitoring and profiling

• Creating in-house monitor applications for analyzing web application performance

In the next chapter we will be examining the role of servlets in web services.

+

+ operator

• coding for performance/scalability, 3

A

addCacheable() method

• caching data, 22

administered objects

• connections, 30

• JMS (Java Message Service), 30

• JMS types, 30

• sessions, 30

algorithms

• Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm, 17

Apache JMeter

• main features, 35

• stress testing tool, 35

• using, 36

• web site, 34

architectures

• !see also web application architecture.

• performance/scalability considerations in web applications, 7

arrayCopy() method, java.lang.System class

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

ArrayList class

• collection framework classes not vectors, 2

asynchronous communication

• architecture for performance/scalability, 29

• JMS (Java Message Service), 29, 32

• MDBs (Message Driven Beans), 29

• threads, 29

asynchronous logging

• performance, 6

B

banking example

• web application, 8

beans

• message driven beans, 32

• session beans, 2, 27

business logic

• handling in web applications, 8

• task delegation, handling using, 9

C

cache manager

• ICacheManager interface, 20, 21

• implementing interfaces, 19

CacheServlet

• caching framework, 26

caching data

• architecture for performance/scalability, 17

• cache manager, 19

• caching applications and APIs, web site, 17

• caching framework example, 17

• interfaces

  • defining caching interfaces, 18

  • ICache interface, 18

  • ICacheable interface, 18

  • ICacheManager interface, 19

  • implementing interfaces, 19

• Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm, 17

caching framework

• caching data, 23

• running caching application, 25

char arrays

• coding for performance/scalability, 3

charAt() method

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

classes

• collection framework classes not vectors, 2

• monitor framework classes, 42

cloning

• coding practice, 7

close() method

• connection pooling, 15

clusters

• architecture elements, 33

• content type and scalability, 34

• distributed sessions, 34

• scalability, 33

• types, 33

coding for performance/scalability

• arrays, copying, 5

• asynchronous logging, 6

• char arrays, 3

• classes, using, 2

• cloning, 7

• collection framework classes not vectors, 2

• databases, 5

• externalization, 6

• good techniques, 2

• heap tuning, 6

• immutable instance variables, 3

• method design, 4

• method inlining, 5

• methods

  • charAt() method, 5

  • notify/~All() methods, 5

  • startsWith() method, 5

• monitor locks, 4

• non-blocking I/O, 6

• operators

  • + operator, 3

  • compound operator, 4

  • using operators, 3

• optimize code during compilation, 6

• reflection, use sparingly, 2

• shallow inheritance hierarchies, 2

• short transactions, 6

• SingleThreadModel interface, avoid, 2

• stateful session beans, use sparingly, 2

• streams, 6

• StringBuffer object, 3

• thread-safe code, 2

• transient modifier, 6

• variables, using, 3

  • local variables, 3

  • variables inside loops, avoid, 3

collection framework classes

• vectors or, in good code, 2

columns, selecting

• database coding, 5

compound operators

• coding for performance/scalability, 4

connection pooling

• architecture for performance/scalability, 11

• creating a connection pool, 12

• JDBC optional extension API, 14

ConnectionPoolDataSource interface, javax.sql

• connection pooling, 15

content type

• scalability, 34

custom performance monitoring tool

• web applications, 41

D

data access

• architecture for performance/scalability, 10

• JDBC optional extension API, 14

• optimizing record retrieval, 15

• pooling JDBC connections, 11

data access objects

• architecture for performance/scalability, 11

data caching see caching data, 17

databases

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

  • getObject() method, 5

  • getString() method, 5

  • PreparedStatements, 6

  • selecting columns, 5

DataSource interface, javax.sql

• connection pooling, 14

debugging

• JProbe Memory Debugger, 40

• JProbe threadanalyzer, 40

• Optimizeit thread debugger, 40

deployment strategies

• clustering, 33

• load balancing, 33

doGet() method

• CacheServlet, 26

• caching framework, 24

• session management, 27

doPost() method

• handling business logic, 8

E

expire() method

• caching data, 20, 22

externalization

• custom serialization algorithms, 6

F

final, declaring method as

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

findByLastName() method

• record retrieval, 15

framework classes

• collection framework classes, 2

• monitor framework classes, 42

G

getConnection() method

• connection pooling, 13

getObject() method

• database coding, 5

getString() method

• database coding, 5

H

HashMap class

• collection framework classes not vectors, 2

heap

• tuning heap size, 6

hierarchies

• shallow inheritance hierarchies, 2

hprof see JDK hprof, 40

HTTPServletRequest interface

• session management, 27

• storing sessions in stateful session beans, 28

HTTPSession interface

• session management, 27

• storing sessions in stateful session beans, 28

I

ICache interface

• caching data, 18, 21

ICacheable interface

• caching data, 18

• caching framework, 23

ICacheManager interface

• caching data, 19, 20, 21

immutable instance variables

• coding for performance/scalability, 3

inheritance

• shallow inheritance hierarchies, 2

init() method

• CacheServlet, 26

• caching framework, 24

initialize() method

• connection pooling, 13

interfaces

• ConnectionPoolDataSource interface, 15

• DataSource interface, 14

• HTTPServletRequest interface, 26, 27, 28

• HTTPSession interface, 27, 28

• ICache interface, 18, 21

• ICacheable interface, 18, 23

• ICacheManager interface, 19, 20, 21

• implementing interfaces, 19

• MessageDrivenBean interface, 32

• MessageListener interface, 32

• PooledConnection interface, 15

• Serializable interface, 34

internalization

• coding practice, 7

J

JDBC connections

• architecture for performance/scalability, 11

JDBC optional extension API

• connection pooling, 14

JDK hprof

• profiling tool, 40

• table of options, 41

JMeter see Apache JMeter, 35

JMS (Java Message Service)

• administered objects, 30

• architecture, 29, 30

• asynchronous communication, 29

• asynchronous messaging, 32

• clients, 29

• message driven beans, 32

• messages, 29

• messaging models, 31

• point-to-point messaging model, 31

• providers, 29

• publish/subscribe messaging model, 31

• scalability improvement, 32

JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface)

• administered objects, 30

JProbe ServerSide Suite

• profiling tool, 40

• web site, 39

L

late binding

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm

• caching data, 17

load balancing

• scalability, 33

local variables

• coding for performance/scalability, 3

M

Matrix class

• monitor framework classes, 42

  • source code, 45

MDBs (Message Driven Beans)

• asynchronous communication, 29

• JMS (Java Message Service), 32

message producers/consumers

• administered objects, 30

MessageDrivenBean interface, javax.ejb

• JMS (Java Message Service), 32

MessageListener interface, javax.ejb

• JMS (Java Message Service), 32

messaging models

• JMS (Java Message Service), 31

method inlining

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

methods

• addCacheable() method, 22

• arrayCopy() method, 5

• close() method, 15

• coding for performance/scalability, 4

• doGet() method, 24, 26, 27

• doPost() method, 8

• expire() method, 20, 22

• findByLastName() method, 15

• getConnection() method, 13

• getObject() method, 5

• getString() method, 5

• init() method, 24, 26

• initialize() method, 13

• notify/~All () methods, 5

• onMessage() method, 32

• releaseConnection() method, 14

• startsWith() method, 5

Microsoft Web Application Stress

• stress testing tool, 35

• web site, 34

monitor framework classes

• classes, 42

monitor locks

• coding for performance/scalability, 4

MonitorFilter class

• monitor framework classes, 43

  • source code, 46

MonitorServlet class

• monitor framework classes, 43

  • source code, 47

N

notify/~All() methods

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

O

objects

• administered objects, 30

onMessage() method

• JMS (Java Message Service), 32

operators

• + operator, 3

• coding for performance/scalability, 3

• compound operators, 4

Optimizeit ServerSide Suite

• profiling tool, 40

• web site, 39

P

performance

• !see also coding for performance/scalability.

• custom performance monitoring tool, 41

• definition, web applications, 1

• monitoring in web applications, 41

• stress testing tools, 34

point-to-point messaging model

• JMS (Java Message Service), 31

PooledConnection interface, javax.sql

• connection pooling, 15

PreparedStatements

• database coding, 6

profiling tools

• JDK hprof, 40

• JProbe ServerSide Suite, 40

• Optimizeit ServerSide Suite, 40

public, declaring method as

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

publish/subscribe messaging model

• JMS (Java Message Service), 31

R

record retrieval

• data access, optimizing for, 15

references to web sites

• Apache JMeter, 34

• caching applications and APIs, 17

• JProbe ServerSide Suite, 39

• Microsoft Web Application Stress, 34

• Optimizeit ServerSide Suite, 39

reflection

• when to use, good coding practice, 2

releaseConnection() method

• connection pooling, 14

Request class

• monitor framework classes, 42

  • source code, 43

ResultSet object

• database coding, 5

S

scalability

• !see also coding for performance/scalability.

• clustering, 33

• content type, 34

• definition, web applications, 1

• JMS (Java Message Service), 32

• load balancing, 33

• stress testing tools, 34

Serializable interface, java.io

• distributed sessions and clusters, 34

serialization

• externalization, 6

• faster custom serialization algorithms, 6

• transient modifier, 6

session beans

• storing sessions in stateful session beans, 27

• when to use, 2

sessions/session management

• architecture for performance/scalability, 26

• distributed sessions and clusters, 34

• schemas for storing session data compared, 28

• stateful session beans, 27

• storing sessions in backend databases, 27

shallow inheritance hierarchies

• coding for performance/scalability, 2

SingleThreadModel interface

• avoidance in good code, 2

startsWith() method

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

stateful session beans

• when to use, good coding practice, 2

stateless protocol

• J2EE web applications, 26

static, declaring method as

• coding for performance/scalability, 5

streams

• coding practice, 6

stress testing tools

• Apache JMeter, 35

• Microsoft Web Application Stress, 35

• performance and scalability, 34

String objects

• coding for performance/scalability, 3

StringBuffer object

• coding for performance/scalability, 3

T

task delegation

• handling business logic, 9

threads

• asynchronous communication, 29

• effect on performance/scalability, 7

thread-safe code

• coding for performance/scalability, 2

tiers, communication between

• effect on performance/scalability, 7

tools

• profiling tools, 39

• stress testing tools, 34

topic publishers/subscribers

• JMS messaging model, 31

transient modifier

• serialization, 6

U

Unicode format

• coding practice, 6

Unit class

• monitor framework classes, 42

  • source code, 43

V

variables

• coding for performance/scalability, 3

Vector class

• prefer collection framework classes, 2

W

web application architecture

• !see also architectures.

• asynchronous communication, 29

• business logic, handling, 8

• caching data, 17

• cluster types, 33

• clustering, 33

• connection pooling, 11

• data access, 10

• data access objects, 11

• JMS (Java Message Service), 29

• load balancing, 33

• monitor framework classes example, 42

• performance/scalability considerations, 7

• session management, 26

web applications

• banking example, 8

• custom performance monitoring tool, 41

• performance definition, 1

• performance monitoring, 41

• profiling tools, 39

• scalability definition, 1

• stress testing tools, 34

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