This appendix provides a list of many (but certainly not all) Unix commands and programs as well as many of the related command-line flags.
In general, flags offer a thorough selection of options for programs that operate exclusively from command-line input, as well as an overview of the functionality for many other programs. Please keep in mind, however, that command flags only touch the surface of the capabilities of interactive programs (like pico, vi, links, or pine) or particularly complex programs that rely on special expressions (such as grep or TR) or that use multiple files or sources for information (such as procmail).
Table C.1. Commands and Flags
COMMAND/FLAG | DESCRIPTION |
---|
alias | Use to create command aliases. |
at | Use to schedule, examine, or delete jobs for queued execution. |
-V | Displays version information. |
-q queue | Specifies queue to use (as a letter). Higher letters are nicer. |
-m | Specifies mail notification to user when job has completed. |
-f file | Reads job from file. |
-l | Lists queues, just like atq. |
-d | Deletes scheduled jobs, just like atrm. |
atq | Use to show queues of scheduled jobs. |
-q queue | Specifies queue to use (as a letter). |
atrm | Use to remove a job from the queue. |
-q queue | Specifies queue to use (as a letter). |
awk | Use to manipulate files as databases. |
-F fieldseparator | Specifies field separator. |
-v variable=value | Sets variable to value. |
-f program -file | Specifies file or files containing awk program source. |
--help | Prints help information. |
--version | Prints version information. |
-- | Specifies end of option list. |
bash | Use the efficient, user-friendly shell bash. |
-c string | Reads commands from string. |
-i | Makes the shell interactive, as opposed to noninteractive, as in a shell script. |
-s | Specifies that additional options, beyond those given, should be read from standard input. |
-, -- | Indicates the end of options and stops further option processing. |
--norc | Specifies not to read ~/.bashrc. |
--noprofile | Specifies not to read systemwide or individual configuration files. |
--rcfile file | Specifies alternative configuration file. |
--version | Displays bash version number. |
--login | Specifies to start bash as a login shell. |
--posix | Specifies Posix compliance, which helps make anything more portable from system to system. |
batch | Use to schedule jobs for low system loads. |
bg | Use to move a job to the background. |
cal | Use to display a calendar. |
-j | Displays Julian dates with days numbered through the year from January 1. |
-y | Displays the current year's calendar. |
month year | Specifies month (1 to 12) and year (1 to 9999). |
cat | Use to send text to standard output, usually the screen. |
-b, --number-nonblank | Specifies to number all nonblank output lines. |
-n, --number | Specifies to number all output lines. |
-s, --squeeze-blank | Specifies to replace adjacent blank lines with a single blank line. |
-v, --show-nonprinting | Specifies to display control characters with "^" preceding them. |
-A, --show-all | Specifies to show all control characters. |
-E, --show-ends | Specifies to display a "$" at the end of each line. |
-T, --show-tabs | Specifies to display tab characters as "^I". |
--help | Displays a help message. |
--version | Displays the version number. |
cd | Use to change the working directory. |
chgrp | Use to change the group ownership of files. |
-c, --changes | Specifies to list files whose ownership actually changes. |
-f, --silent, --quiet | Suppresses error messages for files that cannot be changed. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies to describe changed ownership. |
-R, --recursive | Specifies to recursively change ownership of directories and contents. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
chmod | Use to change the access permissions of files. |
-c, --changes | Specifies to list files whose permissions actually change. |
-f, --silent, --quiet | Suppresses error messages. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies to describe changed permissions. |
-R, --recursive | Specifies to recursively change permissions of directories and contents. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
chown | Use to change the user and group ownership of files. |
-c, --changes | Specifies to list files whose ownership actually changes. |
-f, --silent, --quiet | Suppresses error messages for files that cannot be changed. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies to describe changed ownership. |
-R, --recursive | Specifies to recursively change ownership of directories and contents. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
chsh | Use to change your login shell. |
-s, --shell | Specifies the new login shell. |
-l, --list-shells | Displays the shells in /etc/shells. |
-u, --help | Prints a help message. |
--version | Prints version information. |
cmp | Use to compare two files. |
-l | Displays the byte number (which starting byte in the file) in decimal and the differing bytes in octal for each difference. |
-s | Displays nothing for differing files except exit status. |
compress | Use to compress and expand archives. |
-c | Specifies that compress/uncompress write to standard output (usually your screen) and leave files unchanged. |
-r | Specifies to recursively process directories. |
-V | Displays version information. |
cp | Use to copy files or directories. |
-a, --archive | Specifies to preserve file structure and attributes. |
-b, --backup | Specifies to make backups of files before overwriting. |
-d, --no-dereference | Specifies to copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than the files that they point to. |
-f, --force | Specifies to overwrite all existing destination files. |
-i, --interactive | Requires prompting before overwriting. |
-l, --link | Specifies to make hard links instead of copies of files. |
-P, --parents | Completes destination filenames by appending the source filename to the target directory name. |
-p, --preserve | Specifies to preserve the original file characteristics, including permissions and ownership. |
-r | Specifies to copy directories recursively. |
-s, --symbolic-link | Specifies to make symbolic links instead of copies of files. |
-u, --update | Specifies not to overwrite newer files. |
-v, --verbose | Displays filenames before copying. |
-x, --one-file-system | Restricts action to a single file system. |
-R, --recursive | Specifies to copy directories recursively. |
--help | Prints a help message. |
--version | Prints version information. |
-S, --suffix backup-suffix | Specifies a suffix for backup files. |
crontab | Use to maintain crontab files. |
-l | Displays current crontab. |
-r | Removes current crontab. |
-e | Opens crontab in default editor. |
df | Use to display information about free disk space. |
-a, --all | Specifies that all file systems, including special ones (e.g. CDROM, MSDOS), should be processed. |
-i, --inodes | Displays inode (disk element) usage information. |
-k, --kilobytes | Displays sizes in 1 KB blocks instead of 512-byte blocks. |
-h | Provides file sizes in human-readable format. |
-P, --portability | Uses Posix standard output format. |
-T, --print-type | Displays type of each file system. |
-t, --type=fstype | Displays only named file system types. |
-x, --exclude-type=fstype | Displays only non-named file system types. |
--help | Prints help information. |
--version | Prints version information. |
diff | Use to display differences between text files. |
-b | Specifies to ignore trailing blanks (spaces and tabs) and consider other blanks equivalent. |
-i | Specifies case-insensitive comparisons. |
-t | Specifies to expand tab characters to spaces in output. |
-w | Specifies to ignore all blanks. |
-c | Specifies a listing of differences with three lines of context. |
-C number | Specifies a listing of differences with number lines of context. |
-e | Specifies output of a script for the ed editor to re-create the second file from the first. |
-f | Specifies output of a script to create the first file from the second. This does not work with ed. |
-h | Specifies fast and not necessarily complete comparison. |
-n | Specifies output of a script to create the first file from the second along with a total of changed lines for each command. |
-D string | Outputs combined version of first and second files with C preprocessor controls to compile as the first or the second file. |
-r | Specifies that diff should recursively process subdirectories common to both given directories. |
-s | Outputs names of identical (not different) files. |
-S name | Begins comparison within a directory with the specified filename. |
dig | Use to look up IP numbers or domain names. |
-b ip-address | Specifies to set the source IP address of the query. |
-f filename | Specifies to read lookup requests from a file (filename). |
-p portnumber | Specifies a port number to use instead of the standard 53. |
-t type | Specifies the query type. |
-x | Specifies reverse lookups (addresses to names). |
du | Use to display disk usage information. |
-a, --all | Displays information for all files. |
-b, --bytes | Displays sizes in bytes. |
-c, --total | Displays totals for all arguments. |
-k, --kilobytes | Displays sizes in kilobytes. |
-h, --human-readable | Provides file sizes in human-readable format. |
-l, --count-links | Displays sizes of all files, including linked files counted elsewhere. |
-s, --summarize | Displays only totals for each argument. |
-x, --one-file-system | Specifies not to process directories on other file systems. |
-L, --dereference | Displays space used by linked file or directory, not just space used by link. |
-S, --separate-dirs | Counts directories separately. |
--help | Prints help information. |
--version | Prints version information. |
elm | Use to send and receive mail. |
-a | Specifies arrow cursor. |
-c | Expands specified aliases and exits. |
-d level | Specifies debugging output. |
-f folder | Specifies folder to read instead of incoming mail folder. |
-h, -? | Displays help message. |
-i file | Read named file into message editor. |
-m | Disables menu. |
-s subj | Specifies subject for mail messages. |
-v | Displays version information. |
-z | Specifies not to start elm if no mail is present. |
emacs | Use to edit files. |
file | Specifies name of file to edit. |
+number | Specifies to go to the specified line number. |
-q | Specifies not to load an initialization file. |
-u user | Specifies to load users's initialization file. |
-t file | Specifies to use file as the terminal. |
expr | Use to evaluate expressions. |
--help | Specifies to display help information. |
--version | Specifies to display version information. |
fg | Use to move a job to the foreground. |
file | Use to determine file type. |
-m list | Specifies alternative list of files with magic numbers (helping to indicate file type). |
-z | Attempts to look into compressed files. |
-b | Specifies brief output mode. |
-c | Checks magic file. |
-f file | Specifies to read names of the files to be examined from file. |
-L | Specifies to follow symbolic links. |
find | Use to find files in the Unix system. |
-daystart | Specifies to measure all times starting today, not 24 hours ago. |
-depth | Specifies to process directory contents before the directory. |
-follow | Specifies to follow symbolic links. |
-help, --help | Prints a help message. |
-maxdepth levels | Specifies how many levels below starting directory level to descend. |
-mindepth levels | Specifies how many levels below starting directory level to start processing. |
-mount, -xdev | Specifies not to descend directories on other file systems. |
-noleaf | Specifies not to optimize for Unix systems, which is needed for CD-ROM directories, for example. |
--version | Prints version information. |
-amin n | Finds files accessed n minutes ago. |
-anewer file | Finds files accessed more recently than they were modified. |
-atime n | Finds files accessed n days ago. |
-cmin n | Finds files whose status was changed n minutes ago. |
-cnewer file | Finds files whose status was changed more recently than the file was modified. |
-ctime n | Finds files whose status was changed n days ago. |
-empty | Finds files that are empty. |
-fstype type | Finds files on file systems of specified type. |
-gid n | Finds files with numeric group ID of n. |
-group gname | Finds files with group name of gname or corresponding group ID. |
-ilname pattern | Finds files that are symbolic links with pattern text in the name, case-insensitive. |
-iname pattern | Finds files with pattern in the name, case-insensitive. |
-inum n | Finds files with inode number n. |
-ipath pattern | Finds files with pattern in the path, case-insensitive. |
-iregex pattern | Finds files with regular expression pattern in name, case-insensitive. |
-links n | Finds files with n links. |
-lname pattern | Finds files that are symbolic links with pattern in the name. |
-mmin n | Finds files last modified n minutes ago. |
-mtime n | Finds files last modified n days ago. |
-name pattern | Finds files with name of pattern. |
-newer file | Finds files modified more recently than file. |
-nouser | Finds files with no user name corresponding to the numeric userid. |
-nogroup | Finds files with no group name corresponding to the numeric group ID. |
-path pattern | Finds files with paths matching pattern. |
-regex pattern | Finds files with regular expression pattern in name, case-sensitive. |
-size n[bckw] | Finds files using n blocks, bytes, kilobytes, or words, respectively, of space. |
-type type | Finds files of type type, where b is block (buffered) special, c is character (unbuffered) special, d is directory, p is named pipe (FIFO), f is regular file, l is symbolic link, or s is socket. |
-uid n | Finds files with numeric userid of n. |
-used n | Finds files last accessed n days after status changed. |
-user uname | Finds files owned by userid or numeric id user ID. |
-exec command \; | Executes command for each found file. |
-fprint file | Prints full filename into file. |
-ok command \; | Executes command with confirmation for each found file. |
-print | Prints results to standard output. |
finger | Use to display information about users. |
-s | Displays the login name, real name, terminal name and write status, idle time, login time, office location, and office phone number. |
-l | Specifies multiple-line format with information from -s option plus user's home directory, home phone number, login shell, mail status, and the contents of the .plan, .project, and .forward files. |
-p | Prevents -l from displaying contents of .plan and .project files. |
-m | Disables matching user names. |
fmt | Use to format files. |
-c, --crown-margin | Specifies to preserve indent of first two lines. |
-p, --prefix=chars | Specifies to combine lines with chars at the beginning. |
-s, --split-only | Specifies to split long lines, but not to combine short ones. |
-t, --tagged-paragraph | Specifies that the indent of the first line differs from the next. |
-u, --uniform-spacing | Specifies to ensure one space between words, two after sentences. |
-w, --width=n | Specifies a maximum line width (default of 75 chars). |
--help | Specifies to display a usage message. |
--version | Specifies to display version information. |
ftp | Use to put files in or get files from FTP (File Transfer Protocol) archives. |
-v | Specifies verbose output of responses and statistics. |
-n | Restricts automatic log in. |
-i | Turns off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers. |
-d | Enables debugging output. |
-g | Disables wildcards ("globbing"). |
grep | Use to display lines matching a given pattern. |
-n | Displays matches with n lines before and after matching lines. |
-A n, --after-context=n | Displays matches with n lines after matching lines. |
-B n, --before-context=n | Displays matches with n lines before matching lines. |
-C, --context | Displays matches with two lines of surrounding context. |
--version | Displays version information. |
-c, --count | Displays count of matches for each file. |
-e pattern, --regexp=Specifies pattern explicitly. |
-f file, --file=file | Reads patterns from file. |
-h, --no-filename | Specifies not to display filenames in output. |
-i, --ignore-case | Searches without regard to case. |
-L, --files-without-match | Prints name of first nonmatching file. |
-l, --files-with-matches | Prints name of first matching file. |
-n, --line-number | Displays output line numbers. |
-q, --quiet | Suppresses output and stops scanning on first match. |
-s, --no messages | Suppresses error messages. |
-v, --invert-match | Inverts matching to select opposite files. |
-w, --word-regexp | Finds only matches for whole words. |
-x, --line-regexp | Finds only matches for the whole line. |
gzip | Use to compress (gzip) or expand files. |
-a -ascii | Specifies to convert ends of lines in ASCII text mode to conform to Unix conventions. |
-c --stdout --to-stdout | Sends output to standard output while maintaining original files unchanged. |
-d --decompress -uncompress | Uncompresses files. |
-f -force | Forces compression or decompression. |
-h -help | Displays help message. |
-l -list | Lists information about compressed files. |
--verbose | Displays additional information about archive files. |
-L -license | Displays the gzip license. |
-n --no-name | Specifies not to save the original filename and time. |
-N -name | Specifies to always save the original filename and time-stamp information when compressing. |
-q -quiet | Suppresses all warnings. |
-r -recursive | Specifies to descend subdirectories. |
-S .suf --suffix .suf | Specifies alternative suffixes. |
-t -test | Tests compressed-file integrity. |
-v -verbose | Displays name and percentage reductions for each file processed. |
-V -version | Displays version information. |
head | Use to output the first part of files. |
-c, --bytes n[b,k,m] | Displays first n bytes of file, in b (512-byte blocks), k (1 KB blocks), or m (1 MB blocks). |
-n N, --lines n | Displays first n lines of a file. |
-q, --quiet, --silent | Specifies not to display filenames. |
-v, --verbose | Displays filename. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
id | Use to display real and effective userids and group IDs. |
-g, --group | Displays only group ID. |
-G, --groups | Displays only supplementary groups. |
--help | Displays help message. |
-n, --name | Displays user or group name, not number. |
-r, --real | Displays real, not effective, userid or group ID. |
-u, --user | Displays only userid. |
--version | Displays version information. |
jobs | Use to display list of jobs under control. |
-l | Displays additional information (long listing) for jobs. |
-p | Displays job process IDs. |
-n | Displays jobs that have stopped or exited since notification. Only in ksh. |
kill | Use to terminate a process. |
-s | Specifies kill signal to send. |
-l | Displays a list of signal names. |
less | Use to page through files; similar to more. |
-?, --help | Displays a command summary. |
-a | Specifies to start searches below visible display. |
-bn | Specifies number of buffers for each file. |
-B | Specifies automatic buffer allocation. |
-c | Specifies not to scroll, but rather to paint each screen from the top. |
-C | Specifies not to scroll, but rather to clear and display new text. |
-d | Suppresses error messages for dumb terminals. |
-e | Specifies to automatically exit if you move down after hitting the end of the file. |
-E | Specifies to automatically exit when you hit the end of the file. |
-f | Forces all files to be opened. |
-g | Specifies to highlight only last found string. |
-G | Specifies no highlighting of found strings. |
-hn | Specifies maximum number (n) of lines to scroll backward. |
-i | Specifies case-insensitive searches except when search string contains capital letters. |
-I | Specifies case-insensitive searches always. |
-jn | Specifies a line on the screen where a target line should be located. |
-k filename | Specifies to open and interpret filename as a lesskey file. |
-m | Specifies verbose prompting, displaying percentage into the file viewed. |
-M | Specifies even more verbose prompting. |
-n | Suppresses line numbers. |
-N | Specifies line number for each displayed line. |
-ofilename | Tells less to copy input to filename as it is viewed. |
-Ofilename | Tells less to copy input to filename as it is viewed and overwrite without confirmation. |
-ppattern | Specifies to start display at first occurrence of pattern. |
-q | Specifies quiet operation and only rings bell on certain errors. |
-Q | Specifies totally quiet operation and never rings bell. |
-r | Specifies to display control characters directly, even if display problems result. |
-s | Compresses consecutive blank lines into a single blank line. |
-S | Specifies that long lines should be chopped off, not wrapped. |
-u | Specifies that backspaces and carriage returns should be sent to the terminal. |
-U | Specifies that backspaces, tabs, and carriage returns should be treated as control characters. |
-V, --version | Displays the version number. |
-w | Specifies that blank lines, not tilde (~) represent lines after the end of the file. |
-xn | Sets tab stops every n columns. |
-X | Disables termcap initialization strings. |
-yn | Specifies maximum number of lines to scroll. |
-n | Specifies the scrolling window size as n. |
-" | Specifies filename quoting character. |
-- | Indicates end of options. |
links | Use to browse the Web in character-only mode, but with tables and frames. |
-g | Specifies to run in graphics mode, on an appropriate terminal. |
-async-dns n | Specifies to look up domain names as needed (0) or preemptively (1). |
-max-connections n | Specifies the maximum number of concurrent Web connections. |
-max-connections-to-host n | Specifies the maximum number of concurrent connections to a specific host. |
-retries n | Specifies the number of retries to retrieve a Web page. |
-receive-timeout n | Specifies the length (in seconds) of the timeout when retrieving a Web page. |
-unrestartable-receive | Specifies the timeout on nonrestartable connections. |
-timeout n | |
-format-cache-size n | Specifies the number of Web pages to cache for quicker retrieval. |
-memory-cache-size n | Specifies the amount of cache memory in kilobytes. |
-http-proxy name:n | Specifies the name and port number of the HTTP proxy, if needed. |
-ftp-proxy name:n | Specifies the name and port number of the FTP proxy, if needed. |
-download-dir path | Specifies the default download directory. |
-anonymous | Specifies to restrict capabilities to run in an anonymous account. |
-no-connect | Specifies to run links as a separate process instead of within an existing process. |
-version | Specifies to display the version number. |
-help | Specifies to print help information. |
ln | Use to make links between files. |
-b, --backup | Backs up files before removing them. |
-f, --force | Overwrites destination files. |
-i, --interactive | Prompts before overwriting files. |
-n, --no-dereference | Attempts to replace symbolic links. |
-s, --symbolic | Specifies to make symbolic links when possible. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies to display filenames before linking. |
--help | Prints a help message. |
--version | Prints version information. |
-S, --suffix backup-suffix | Specifies suffix for backup files. |
-V, --version-control Specifies version control as numbered, existing, or simple, as with cp. |
locate | Use to find files with a specific string in their names or paths. |
-u | Specifies to create locate database starting at the root directory. |
-U path | Specifies to create locate database starting at path. |
-e dir, dir, ... | Specifies to exclude directories from the locate database. |
-f fstype | Specifies to exclude files on named file system types from the database. |
-c | Specifies to process /etc/updatedb.conf file when updating the database. |
-l n | Specifies the security level as 0 (no checking, faster), or 1 (checking, slower). |
-i | Specifies to do a case-insensitive search. |
-q | Specifies to use quiet mode and suppress all error messages. |
-n n | Specifies to limit the amount of results shown to n. |
-r regex, --regexp=regex | Specifies to search the database using a regular expression. |
-o name, --output=name | Specifies the database to create. |
-d path, --database=path | Specifies the path of databases to search in. |
-h, --help | Specifies to print help information. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies to use verbose mode when creating database. |
-V, --version | Specifies to display the version number. |
look | Use to look up words in the system dictionary. |
-d | Specifies to use dictionary (alphanumeric) character set and order. |
-f | Specifies to use case-insensitive search. |
-a | Specifies to use the alternate dictionary /usr/share/dict/web2. |
-t | Specifies the end of the string to compare. |
lp | Use to print files. |
-c | Specifies to copy file to spool directory before printing. |
-d name | Specifies to print files to the printer name. |
-i n | Specifies an existing job number n to modify. |
-m | Specifies to send email when the job is completed. |
-n copies | Specifies the number of copies to print. |
-q priority | Specifies the job priority from 1 to 50 (highest). |
-s | Specifies not to report the resulting job IDs. |
-t name | Specifies the name for the job being submitted. |
-H handling | Specifies immediate, hold, resume, or hh:mm to determine when the job will be printed. |
-P page-list | Specifies which pages to print. |
ls | Use to list directory contents. |
-a, --all | Lists all files. |
-b, --escape | Prints octal codes for nongraphic characters using backslash sequences. |
-c, --time=ctime, --time=status | Sorts according to status change time, not modification time. |
-d, --directory | Lists directory names, not contents. |
-f | Does not sort directory contents. |
--full-time | Provides full, not abbreviated time listings. |
-g | Displays filename, file permissions, number of hard links, group, size, and time. |
-h | Provides file sizes in human-readable format. |
-i, --inode | Displays index number of each file. |
-k, --kilobytes | Displays file sizes in kilobytes. |
-l, --format=long, --format=verbose | Displays filename, file permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size in bytes, and time. |
-m, --format=commas | Displays names separated by commas. |
-n, --numeric-uid-gid | Displays numeric userid and group ID. |
-p, -F | Displays extra character for each filename to show the file type. |
-q, --hide-control-chars | Displays question marks rather than nongraphic characters. |
-r, --reverse | Sorts names in reverse order. |
-s, --size | Displays file sizes in 1 KB blocks. |
-t, --sort=time | Sorts directory contents by modification time, newest first. |
-u, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=use | Sorts names by last access time instead of the modification time. |
-x, --format=across, --format=horizontal | Displays names in columns, sorted horizontally. |
-A, --almost-all | Lists all names except for "." and "..". |
-B, --ignore-backups | Does not display names that end with "~". |
-C, --format=vertical | Displays names in columns, sorted vertically. |
-G, --no-group | Does not display group information. |
-L, --dereference | Lists names of symbolic links instead of the link contents. |
-N, --literal | Does not quote names. |
-Q, --quote-name | Quotes names in double quotes and nongraphic characters in C syntax. |
-R, --recursive | Displays the contents of all directories recursively. |
-S, --sort=size | Sorts names by file size, largest first. |
-U, --sort=none | Does not sort names. |
-X, --sort=extension | Sorts names alphabetically by file extension. |
-1, --format=single-column | Lists one file per line. |
-w, --width n | Sets display to n columns wide. |
-T, --tabsize n | Sets tabs to n columns wide. |
-I, --ignore pattern | Does not display names matching pattern. |
--color, --colour, --color=yes, --colour=yes | Displays the names in color depending on the type of file and terminal characteristics. |
--color=tty, --colour=tty | Displays names in color only if standard output is a terminal. |
--color=no, --colour=no | Disables color display of names. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
lynx | Use to browse the Web. |
- | Specifies to take arguments from standard input. |
-anonymous | Specifes anonymous account. |
-assume_charset=MIMEname | Specifies default character set. |
-assume_local_charset= MIMEname | Specifies character set for local files. |
-assume_unrec_charset= MIMEname | Specifies character set to use if remote character set is not recognizable. |
|
-auth=ID:PASSWD | Specifies authorization ID and password for protected documents. |
-base | Specifies HTML BASE tag to use when dumping source code. |
-blink | Specifies high-intensity background colors for color mode if possible. |
-book | Specifies bookmark page as initial file. |
-buried_news | Specifies automatic conversion of embedded URLs to links in Netnews. |
-cache=n | Specifies to cache n documents in memory. |
-case | Specifies case-sensitive searching within pages. |
-cfg=file | Specifies alternative lynx configuration file. |
-child | Specifies no save to disk and quick exit with in first document. |
-color | Specifies color mode, if possible. |
-cookies | Toggles handling of cookies. |
-core | Toggles core dumps on crashes. |
-crawl traversal | Specifies to output each browsed page to a file. |
-dump | Specifies to dump formatted output of specified page to standard output. |
-editor=editor | Enables editing with specified editor. |
-emacskeys | Enables emacs-style key movement. |
-enable_scrollback | Toggles scrollback when supported by communications programs. |
-error_file=FILE | Specifies where to save error code. |
-force_html | Specifies that the start document be considered HTML. |
-force_secure | Toggles security flag for SSL cookies. |
-from | Toggles use of From headers. |
-ftp | Specifies no FTP access. |
-get_data | Retrieves form data from standard input and dumps results. |
-head | Requests MIME headers. |
-help | Displays help message. |
-hiddenlinks= [Specifies handling of hidden links. |
|
-historical | Toggles use of > or --> as comment terminator. |
-homepage=URL | Sets home page URL for session. |
-image_links | Toggles display of links for all images. |
-index=URL | Sets the default index file to the specified URL. |
-ismap | Toggles presentation of links for client-side image maps. |
-link=NUMBER | Specifies starting number for files crawled. |
-localhost | Specifies only browsing on local host. |
-locexec | Enables local program execution from local files. |
-mime_header | Displays MIME header with document source. |
-minimal | Toggles minimal or valid comment parsing. |
-newschunksize=n | Specifies n articles in chunked news listings. |
-newsmaxchunk=n | Specifies maximum number of news articles before chunking. |
-nobrowse | Disables directory browsing. |
-nocc | Disables prompts for user copies of sent mail. |
-nocolor | Disables color mode. |
-noexec | Disables local program execution. |
-nofilereferer | Disables Referrer headers for file URLs. |
-nolist | Disables link listings in formatted text output (dumps). |
-nolog | Disables mailing error messages to document owners. |
-nopause | Disables pauses on status messages. |
-noprint | Disables printing. |
-noredir | Disables automatic redirection. |
-noreferer | Disables Referrer headers for all URLs. |
-nosocks | Disables SOCKS proxy use. |
-nostatus | Disables retrieval status messages. |
-number_links | Numbers links. |
-pauth=ID:PASSWD | Sets ID and password for a protected proxy server. |
-popup | Toggles handling of single-choice SELECT options as pop-up windows or as lists of radio buttons. |
-post_data | Sends form data from standard input with POST dump results. |
-preparsed | Specifies that HTML source be preparsed and reformatted when viewed. |
-print | Enables printing. |
-pseudo_inlines | Toggles pseudo-ALT text for inline images with no ALT string. |
-raw | Toggles default setting of 8-bit character translations or CJK mode for the initial character set. |
-realm | Specifies access only to URLs in initial domain. |
-reload | Specifies to empty proxy server cache and reload document. |
-resubmit_posts | Toggles forced resubmissions of forms when the documents they returned are revisited. |
-rlogin | Disables rlogin commands. |
-selective | Restricts directory browsing to those specified with .www_browsable. |
-show_cursor | Specifies cursor to be shown at start of current link. |
-source | Sends output as HTML source to standard output. |
-telnet | Disables Telnet commands. |
-term=TERM | Specifies terminal type for lynx. |
-tlog | Toggles lynx TRacing log. |
-TRace | Enables WWW trace mode. |
-traversal | Follows links from start file. |
-underscore | Toggles use of underline in dumps. |
-useragent=Name | Specifies alternative lynx User-Agent header name. |
-validate | Accepts only HTTP URLs for validation. |
-version | Displays version information. |
-vikeys | Enables vi-like key movement. |
-width=n | Specifies number of columns for dump formatting. |
man | Use to display online manual pages. |
-M path | Specifies the directories to search for man pages. |
-P pager | Specifies which pager (more or less) to use. |
-S section_list | Specifies list of manual sections to search. |
-a | Specifies to display all matching man pages, not just the default first one. |
-d | Specifies not to display man page; rather, display debugging information. |
-f | Provides what is information. |
-h | Prints help message. |
-k | Searches for string in all man pages. |
-m system | Specifies alternate man pages for system. |
section, -s section | Specifies to display man page from the given section. |
-w | Specifies not to display man pages; rather, print the path of the files. |
-W | Specifies not to display man mages; rather, print the filenames without additional information. |
mail | Use to send and receive mail. |
-v | Specifies verbose mode and displays delivery details. |
-i | Specifies to ignore interrupt signals. |
-I | Specifies interactive mode even if input is not from a terminal. |
-n | Disables mail.rc reading when starting. |
-N | Disables initial display of message headers when reading mail. |
-s subject | Specifies subject on command line. |
-c addresses | Specifies addresses for carbon copies. |
-b addresses | Specifies addresses for blind carbon copies. |
-f file | Reads contents of file for processing and returns undeleted messages to this file. |
mkdir | Use to make directories. |
-m, --mode mode | Sets the mode of created directories as with chmod. |
-p, --parents | Makes directories and any necessary parent directories. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
more | Use to view files a screen at a time. |
-num | Specifies number of lines onscreen. |
-d | Specifies prompting and no bell on errors. |
-l | Specifies not to pause after a in the file. |
-f | Specifies to count logical lines rather than screen lines. |
-p | Specifies not to scroll, but rather to clear and display new text. |
-c | Specifies not to scroll, but rather to paint each screen from the top. |
-s | Specifies to squeeze multiple blank lines together. |
-u | Specifies to suppress underlining. |
+/string | Specifies a string to find and start at for displaying the file. |
+num | Specifies to start at line number num. |
mutt | Use a small but very powerful text-based program for email. |
-a file | Specifies to attach a file to your message. |
-b address | Specifies a blind-carbon-copy (BCC) recipient. |
-c address | Specifies a carbon-copy (CC) recipient. |
-e command | Specifies a configuration command to be run after initialization files. |
-f mailbox | Specifies which mailbox to load. |
-F mutTRc | Specifies an initialization file to read instead of ~/.muttrc. |
-h | Specifies to display help information. |
-H draft | Specifies a draft file to use for creating a message. |
-i include | Specifies a file to include in a message. |
-m type | Specifies a default mailbox type. |
-n | Specifies to ignore the system configuration file. |
-p | Specifies to resume a postponed message. |
-R | Specifies to open a mailbox in read-only mode. |
-s subject | Specifies the subject of the message. |
-v | Specifies to display version information. |
-x | Specifies to emulate mailx compose mode. |
-y | Specifies to start with a listing of all mailboxes specified. |
-z | Specifies not to start if there are no messages, when used with -f. |
-Z | Specifies to open the first mailbox specified that contains new mail. |
mv | Use to rename or move files. |
-b, --backup | Specifies to make backups of files before removal. |
-f, --force | Specifies to overwrite all existing destination files. |
-i, --interactive | Requires prompting before overwriting. |
-v, --verbose | Displays filenames before moving. |
--help | Prints a help message. |
--version | Prints version information. |
-S, --suffix backup-suffix | Specifies suffix for backup files. |
nice | Use to run a program with a different priority. |
-n adjustment, -adjustment,--adjustment=adjustment | Adds adjustment number to initial priority. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
passwd | Use to set a password for the system. |
pico | Use for user-friendly text editing. |
+n | Starts pico with the cursor located n lines into the file. |
-d | Specifies that the key rubs out the character the cursor is on rather than the character to its left. |
-e | Enables filename completion. |
-f | Specifies to use function keys for commands. |
-j | Specifies that goto commands to indicate directories are allowed. |
-k | Specifies that "Cut Text" removes characters from the cursor position to the end of the line. |
-nn | Enables mail notification every n seconds. |
-o dir | Specifies operating directory. |
-rn | Specifies column n for right margin of justify command. |
-t | Sets tool mode for when pico is the default editor in other programs. |
-v | Specifies view-only. |
-w | Disables word wrap. |
-x | Disables menu. |
-z | Allows suspension of pico. |
pine | Use to read news and email. |
-d debug-level | Displays diagnostic information at levels from 0 (none) to 9 (complete). |
-f folder | Specifies to open folder instead of in-box. |
-F file | Opens specified file with pine. |
-h | Displays brief help message. |
-i | Specifies to start in folder index. |
-I keystrokes | Specifies initial set of keystrokes to execute on startup. |
-k | Specifies to use function keys for commands. |
-n number | Specifies to start with given message number. |
-o | Opens first folder as read-only. |
-p config-file | Specifies configuration file to use instead of default personal configuration file. |
-P config-file | Specifies configuration file to use instead of systemwide configuration file. |
-r | Requires demo mode. |
-z | Allows eventual suspension of pine process. |
-conf | Outputs a new copy of systemwide configuration file. |
-pinerc file | Outputs new pinerc configuration file. |
-sort order | Specifies sort order in folders as arrival, subject, from, date, size, orderedsubj, thread, score, to, cc, or reverse. |
ping | Use to see if a specific host is reachable. |
-c count | Specifies number of responses to receive before stopping. |
-d | Specifies SO_DEBUG option. |
-f | Specifies flood ping (for system administrators only). |
-i wait | Specifies how many seconds to wait between packets. |
-l preload | Specifies initial flurry of packets before reverting to normal behavior; for system administrators only. |
-n | Specifies not to look up domain names. |
-p pattern | Specifies content for packets to diagnose data-dependent problems. |
-q | Specifies quiet output with only initial and ending summary information displayed. |
-r | Specifies to ignore routing and send directly to host on attached network. |
-s packetsize | Specifies size of packet to send in bytes. |
-v | Specifies verbose output and lists all received packets. |
pgrep | Use to look up processes based on name or other characteristics. |
-d string | Specifies the string used to delimit each process ID output. |
-f | Specifies to match against full path. |
-g pgrp,... | Specifies to match only processes under the specified process group IDs. |
-G gid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose real group ID is listed. |
-l | Specifies to list the process name as well as the process ID. |
-n | Specifies to list only the newest matching process. |
-P ppid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose parent process ID is listed. |
-s sid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose process session ID is listed. |
-t term,... | Specifies to match only processes whose controlling terminal is listed. |
-u euid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose effective user ID is listed. |
-U uid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose real user ID is listed. |
-v | Specifies to match the opposite of the characteristics given. |
-x | Specifies to match only exactly. |
pkill | Use to send a kill signal to processes based on name or other characteristics. |
-f | Specifies to match against full path. |
-g pgrp,... | Specifies to match only processes under the specified process group IDs. |
-G gid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose real group ID is listed. |
-n | Specifies to list only the newest matching process. |
-P ppid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose parent process ID is listed. |
-s sid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose process session ID is listed. |
-t term,... | Specifies to match only processes whose controlling terminal is listed. |
-u euid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose effective user ID is listed. |
-U uid,... | Specifies to match only processes whose real user ID is listed. |
-v | Specifies to match the opposite of the characteristics given. |
-x | Specifies to match only exactly. |
-signal | Specifies the signal (numeric or by name) to send to each matched process. |
procmail | Use to process incoming email. |
-v | Specifies to display version information. |
-p | Specifies to preserve existing environment. |
-t | Specifies to retry failed deliveries later. |
-f name | Specifies to regenerate the From line that separates messages with name. |
-o | Specifies to override fake From lines. |
-Y | Specifies to ignore any Content-Length: fields. |
-a argument | Specifies arguments to pass to procmail. |
-d recipient ... | Specifies delivery mode. |
-m | Specifies that procmail should act as a general-purpose mail filter. |
ps | Use to report process status (note that ps arguments work with or without a -, and warn you not to use - in the future). |
-l | Specifies long format. |
-j | Specifies jobs format. |
-s | Specifies signal format. |
-v | Specifies vm (virtual memory) format. |
-m | Displays thread information. |
-H | Specifies "forest" tree format. |
-f | Show full listing. |
-a | Displays processes of other users on the same terminal. |
-x | Displays processes without controlling terminal (daemons). |
-S | Displays add child CPU time and page faults. |
-w | Specifies wide output and does not truncate command lines. |
-h | Disables header display. |
-r | Shows running processes only. |
-n | Specifies numeric output for user and wchan fields. |
-txx | Specifies only processes with controlling tty xx. |
-pids | Lists only specified processes. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
pr | Use to convert and reformat files for printing or display. |
-n, --columns=n | Specifies to create n columns across the page. |
-c, --show-control-chars | Specifies to use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation. |
-d, --double-space | Specifies to double space the output. |
-D, --date-format=FORMAT | Specifies to use FORMAT for the header date. |
-F, -f, --form-feed | Specifies to use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages. |
-h header, --header=header | Specifies to use a centered header instead of filename in page header. |
-t, --omit-header | Specifies to omit page headers and footers. |
-T, --omit-pagination | Specifies to omit page headers, footers, and all pagination. |
-v, --show-nonprinting | Specifies to use octal backslash notation to display nonprinting characters. |
-W w, --page-width=w | Specifies that page width be w (72 default) characters. |
--help | Specifies to display help message. |
--version | Specifies to display version information. |
pwd | Use to display name of current working directory. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
quota | Use to display disk usage and limits. |
-g | Displays group quotas for the executing user's group. |
-v | Displays quotas on file systems where no storage is allocated. |
-q | Displays only information for file systems over quota. |
renice | Use to change the priority (niceness) of jobs. |
-g | Specifies to force parameters to be interpreted as process group IDs. |
-u | Specifies to force parameters to be interpreted as user names. |
-p | Specifies to require parameters to be process IDs. |
rm | Use to remove files. |
-f, --force | Specifies to overwrite all existing destination files. |
-i, --interactive | Requires prompting before overwriting. |
-R, --recursive | Specifies to copy directories recursively. |
-v, --verbose | Displays filenames before moving. |
--help | Displays a help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
reset | Use to reset a terminal session to normal behavior. |
-q | Specifies to display the terminal type only. |
-e a | Specifies to set the erase character to the given character. |
-I | Specifies not to send initialization strings to the terminal. |
-Q | Specifies not to display values for erase, interrupt, and line kill characters. |
-V | Specifies to display the version number. |
-i a | Specifies to set the interrupt character to the given character. |
-k a | Specifies to set the line kill character to the given character. |
-m | Specifies to map a port type to a terminal type. |
-r | Specifies to display the terminal type to standard error. |
-s | Specifies to display the initialization commands. |
rmdir | Use to remove empty directories. |
-p, --parents | Specifies to remove any parent directories listed, if they are empty after the specified files are removed. |
--help | Displays a help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
rsync | Use to copy files and synchronize directories. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies to increase verbosity. |
-q, --quiet | Specifies to decrease verbosity. |
-c, --checksum | Specifies to calculate a checksum for files, not just check dates. |
-a, --archive | Specifies to use archive mode. |
-r, --recursive | Specifies to recursively copy. |
-R, --relative | Specifies to use relative path names. |
-b, --backup | Specifies to make backups with the default ~ suffix. |
--backup-dir | Specifies to use this backup directory. |
--suffix=string | Specifies to change backup suffix to string. |
-u, --update | Specifies to update only and not overwrite newer files. |
-l, --links | Specifies to copy symlinks as symlinks. |
-L, --copy-links | Specifies to copy the associated file for symlinks. |
--copy-unsafe-links | Specifies to copy links outside the source directory tree. |
--safe-links | Specifies to ignore links outside the destination directory tree. |
-H, --hard-links | Specifies to preserve hard links. |
-p, --perms | Specifies to preserve permissions. |
-o, --owner | Specifies to preserve owner, for use by root only. |
-g, --group | Specifies to preserve group. |
-D, --devices | Specifies to preserve devices, for use by root only. |
-t, --times | Specifies to preserve times. |
-S, --sparse | Specifies to handle sparse files efficiently. |
-n, --dry-run | Specifies to show what would have been transferred, but not actually transfer. |
-W, --whole-file | Specifies to copy whole files without making incremental checks. |
--no-whole-file | Specifies not to copy whole files without checking. |
-x, --one-file-system | Specifies not to cross file system boundaries. |
-B, --block-size=SIZE | Specifies the checksum block size (default 700). |
-e, --rsh=COMMAND | Specifies the rsh replacement command (probably ssh). |
--rsync-path=PATH | Specifies the path to rsync on the remote machine. |
-C, --cvs-exclude | Specifies to autoignore files in the same way CVS does. |
--existing | Specifies to update only files that already exist. |
--ignore-existing | Specifies to ignore files that already exist on the receiving side. |
--delete | Specifies to delete files that don't exist on the sending side. |
--delete-excluded | Specifies to also delete excluded files on the receiving side. |
--delete-after | Specifies to delete after transferring, not before. |
--ignore-errors | Specifies to delete even if there are I/O errors. |
--max-delete=NUM | Specifies not to delete more than NUM files. |
--partial | Specifies to keep partially transferred files. |
--force | Specifies to force deletion of directories even if not empty. |
--numeric-ids | Specifies to set permissions with numeric ids on target. |
--timeout=n | Specifies to set I/O timeout in seconds. |
-I, --ignore-times | Specifies to copy even files that match in length and time. |
--size-only | Specifies to copy files only if file sizes differ. |
--modify-window=n | Specifies range of time (n seconds) to consider equivalent. |
-T --temp-dir=path | Specifies to create temporary files in directory path. |
--compare-dest=DIR | Specifies to compare destination files relative to path. |
-z, --compress | Specifies to compress files when transferring. |
--exclude=string | Specifies to exclude files matching string. |
--exclude-from=file | Specifies to exclude patterns listed in file. |
--include=string | Specifies to include files matching string. |
--include-from=file | Specifies to include patterns listed in file. |
--version | Specifies to display version number. |
--daemon | Specifies to run as an rsync daemon. |
--no-detach | Specifies not to detach from the parent. |
--address=ADDRESS | Specifies to bind to the specified address. |
--config=file | Specifies an alternate rsyncd.conf file. |
--port=PORT | Specifies an alternate rsyncd port number. |
--blocking-io | Specifies to use blocking I/O for the remote shell. |
--no-blocking-io | Specifies to turn off --blocking-io. |
--stats | Specifies to show some file transfer statistics. |
--progress | Specifies to show progress during transfer. |
--log-format=format | Specifies to log file transfers using specified format. |
--password-file=file | Specifies to get password from file. |
--bwlimit=n | Specifies to limit I/O bandwidth to n KBps. |
--read-batch=string | Specifies to read batch fileset starting with string. |
--write-batch=string | Specifies to write batch fileset starting with string. |
-h, --help | Specifies to display help information. |
sed | Use for processing and editing files in batch mode. |
-e | Specifies edit commands to follow as the next argument. |
-f | Specifies edit commands to be taken from named file or files. |
-n | Suppresses default output. |
set | Use to set or view the values of variables. |
setenv | Use to change or view the value of an environment variable (csh). |
screen | Use to manage multiple virtual screens in a physical window. |
-a | Specifies to include all capabilities in each window. |
-A | Specifies to adapt the sizes of all windows to the size of the current terminal. |
-c file | Specifies to override the default configuration file (~/.screenrc) with file. |
-d,-D | Specifies to detach another running screen from the controlling terminal. |
-d -r | Specifies to reattach a session, after detaching it if necessary. |
-d -R | Specifies to reattach a session, after detaching or creating it first if necessary. |
-d -RR | Specifies to reattach a session, after detaching or creating it if necessary, and to use the first session if multiple sessions are available. |
-D -r | Specifies to reattach a session, after detaching and logging out remotely if necessary. |
-D -R | Specifies to attach immediately, after notifying other users. |
-D -RR | Specifies to attach immediately, after doing anything necessary to other sessions. |
-e xy | Specifies the command character (default is Aa), specified as ^Aa. |
-f, -fn, -fa | Specifies flow-control settings to off, on, or automatic. |
-h n | Specifies the size of the history as n lines. |
-l, -ln | Specifies to turn login mode on or off. |
-ls, -list | Specifies to display list of existing screen sessions. |
-m | Specifies to force creation of a new session. |
-d -m | Specifies to start screen in detached mode. |
-D -m | Specifies to start screen in detached mode, in existing process. |
-q | Specifies to suppress display error messages and exit codes. |
-r | Specifies to resume a detached screen session. |
-R | Specifies to attempt to resume the first available detached screen session it finds. |
-s string | Specifies the default shell as string. |
-S name | Specifies to use name as the name for the new session. |
-t name | Specifies the title for the default shell or specified program. |
-v | Specifies to display the version number. |
-wipe | Specifies to remove destroyed sessions. |
-x | Specifies to attach to a session in multidisplay mode. |
-X | Specifies to send the specified command to a running screen session. |
ssh | Use to securely log in to and run commands on a remote system. |
-a | Specifies not to forward the authentication agent connection. |
-A | Specifies to forward the authentication agent connection. |
-b bind_address | Specifies the interface to transmit from if multiple interfaces are available. |
-c blowfish|3des|des | Specifies the encrpytion method to use. |
-e ch|^ch|none | Specifies the escape character for sessions with a pty (default: ~). |
-f | Specifies for ssh to go to the background before the command runs. |
-g | Specifies that remote hosts can connect to local forwarded ports. |
-i identity_file | Specifies the file from which to read the identify key. |
-l login_name | Specifies the user name to log in as on the remote machine. |
-n | Specifies to ignore standard input. |
-N | Specifies not to execute a remote command. |
-o option | Specifies to give options as presented in configuration file. |
-p port | Specifies the port to connect to on the remote host. |
-P | Specifies a nonprivileged port (<1024) for outgoing connections. |
-q | Specifies that warning and diagnostic messages should be suppressed. |
-s | Specifies to request invocation of a subsystem on the remote system. |
-t | Specifies to allocate a pseudo-tty. |
-T | Specifies not to allocate a pseudo-tty. |
-v | Specifies to provide verbose output. |
-x | Specifies to disable X11 forwarding. |
-X | Specifies to enable X11 forwarding. |
-C | Specifies to compress all data for transmission. |
-F configfile | Specifies an alternative configuration file. |
-L port:host:hostport | Specifies port forwarding from local to remote sides. |
-R port:host:hostport | Specifies port forwarding from remote to local sides. |
-D port | Specifies dynamic port forwarding from local to remote sides. |
-1 | Specifies to use only protocol version 1. |
-2 | Specifies to use only protocol version 2. |
-4 | Specifies to use only IPv4 addresses. |
-6 | Specifies to use only IPv6 addresses. |
split | Use to split files into smaller parts. |
-b, --bytes=n | Specifies to put n bytes in each output file (use k for kilobytes, m for megabytes). |
-C, --line-bytes=n | Specifies to put no more than n bytes of lines in each output file. |
-l, --lines=n | Specifies to put n lines into each output file. |
--verbose | Specifies to provide verbose output. |
--help | Specifies to display help information. |
--version | Specifies to display version information. |
sort | Use to sort text files by line. |
-c | Checks to see if file is already sorted. |
-m | Merges sorted files together. |
-b | Ignores extra spaces at the beginning of each line. |
-d | Sorts by ignoring everything but letters, digits, and blanks. |
-f | Sorts without case sensitivity. |
-M | Sorts by month, recognizing three-character month abbreviations. |
-n | Sorts numerically. |
-r | Reverses result order. |
-o output-file | Sends output to specified file instead of standard output. |
-t separator | Uses indicated character as field separator. |
-u | Displays only one of the matching lines. |
--help | Displays help information. |
--version | Displays version information. |
su otherid | Use to substitute otherid for current userid. |
-c command, --command=command | Runs specified command as other user. |
--help | Displays help information. |
-, -l, --login | Specifies to start as login shell. |
-m, -p, --preserve-environment | Specifies not to change environment variables from current settings. |
-s, --shell shell | Uses the specified shell instead of the default. |
--version | Displays program version. |
sudo | Use to execute a command as another user. |
-V | Specifies to display the version number. |
-l | Specifies to list the available and forbidden commands for the issuing user. |
-L | Specifies to list configurable default parameters. |
-h | Specifies to display a help message. |
-v | Specifies to update the timestamp and extend the timeout. |
-k | Specifies to set the timeout to a past time, forcing revalidation. |
-K | Specifies to remove the timestamp for a current user. |
-b | Specifies to run the specified command in the background. |
-p | Specifies to replace the default password prompt with a custom prompt. |
-u user | Specifies user, under whose id the command will run. |
-s | Specifies to use the specified (default) shell. |
-H | Specifies to change the $HOME environment variable to the target user. |
-P | Specifies to preserve the user's group ID when running the command. |
-S | Specifies to read password from standard input. |
-- | Specifies to stop processing command-line options. |
- | Specifies to force a login shell. |
tail | Use to output the last part of a file. |
-c --bytes n[b,k,m] | Displays last n bytes of file, in b (512-byte), k (1 KB), or m (1 MB) blocks. |
-f, --follow | Specifies to keep running and trying to read more from end of file. |
-l, -n N,--lines N | Displays last N lines of file. |
-q, --quiet, --silent | Specifies not to display filenames. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies to always display filenames. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
talk | Use to talk to another user. |
tar | Use to create tar archives. |
-A, --catenate, --concatenate | Specifies to append tar files to an archive. |
-c, --create | Creates a new archive. |
-d, --diff, --compare | Identifies differences between archive and file system. |
--delete | Removes files from the archive. |
-r, --append | Appends files to the archive. |
-t, --list | Lists contents of the archive. |
-u, --update | Updates archive with newer files. |
-x, --exTRact, --get | Extracts files from archives. |
--atime-preserve | Specifies not to change access times. |
-b, --block-size n | Specifies block size of nx512 bytes. |
-C, --directory DIR | Changes to specified directory. |
--checkpoint | Displays directory names while processing. |
-f, --file | Uses specified file or device. |
--force-local | Forces local archive file regardless of filename. |
-h, --dereference | Processes linked files, not symbolic links. |
-i, --ignore-zeros | Specifies to ignore zeros in archives (and not to interpret as EOF). |
-k, --keep-old-files | Specifies that old files should be retained, not overwritten. |
-K, --starting-file file | Starts at file file in the archive. |
-l, --one-file-system | Specifies to remain in current file system. |
-m, --modification-time | Specifies not to extract the file modification time. |
-M, --multi-volume | Specifies to process as multivolume archive. |
-N, --after-date date, --newer date | Stores files newer than date. |
-o, --old-archive, --portability | Specifies old archive format. |
-O, --to-stdout | Specifies to extract files to standard output. |
-p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions | Specifies to extract all permissions data. |
-P, --absolute-paths | Specifies to maintain absolute paths. |
--remove-files | Specifies to remove files that have been added to archive. |
-s, --same-order, --preserve-order | Specifies list of filenames to match archive. |
--same-owner | Specifies to extract files with same ownership. |
-T, --files-from file | Retrieves names of files to extract or create from file file. |
--totals | Displays total bytes of created files. |
-v, --verbose | Displays verbose information about processed files. |
-V, --label name | Creates archive with volume name of name. |
--version | Displays version information. |
-w, --interactive, --confirmation | Requires confirmation for actions. |
-W, --verify | Verifies information in archive after creating archive. |
--exclude file | Specifies to exclude file from archive. |
-X, --exclude-from file | Specifies to exclude files listed in file from archive. |
-Z, --compress, --uncompress | Specifies to compress or uncompress the archive. |
-z, --gzip, --ungzip | Specifies to process the archive with gzip. |
--use-compress-program Specifies name of compression program as program. |
tee | Use to read from standard input and write to standard output and files. |
-a, --append | Appends to specified files instead of overwriting. |
--help | Prints help information. |
-i, --ignore-interrupts | Specifies to ignore interrupt signals. |
--version | Prints version information. |
telnet | Use to connect to and use remote computers. |
-8 | Specifies 8-bit operation, which is not the telnet default. |
-E | Disables the escape character. |
-L | Specifies 8-bit operation on output. |
-a | Attempts automatic log in with the current user name. |
-d | Enables debugging output. |
-r | Specifies rlogin emulation. |
-e character | Specifies the escape character to control command-mode access. |
-l user | Specifies the user for remote log in. |
-n tracefile | Starts tracing connection to TRacefile. |
tidy | Use to validate, correct, and clean up HTML files. |
-config file | Specifies to set options from file. |
-indent, -i | Specifies to indent contents of elements. |
-omit, -o | Specifies to omit optional endtags. |
-wrap n | Specifies to wrap output at column n. |
-upper, -u | Specifies to output tags in uppercase. |
-clean, -c | Specifies to replace formatting tags with CSS-style properties. |
-raw | Specifies to output characters with values higher than 127 unchanged. |
-ascii | Specifies to use Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) character set for input, and US ASCII character set for output. |
-latin1 | Specifies to use Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) character set for both input and output. |
-iso2022 | Specifies to use ISO 2022 character set for both input and output. |
-utf8 | Specifies to use UTF-8 character set for both input and output. |
-mac | Specifies to use MacRoman character set for input. |
-numeric, -n | Specifies to output numeric rather than named entities. |
-modify, -m | Specifies to modify original files in place. |
-errors, -e | Specifies to only show errors without modifying the original file. |
-quiet, -q | Specifies to suppress extra output. |
-f file | Specifies to write errors to file. |
-xml | Specifies that input is well-formed XML. |
-asxml | Specifies to convert HTML to well-formed XML. |
-slides | Specifies to break file into slides based on <H2> elements. |
-help, -h | Specifies to display a help message. |
--configuration-option Specifies to set any configurable option to value. |
time | Use to time a job. |
tin | Use to read Usenet news. |
-c | Creates or updates index for listed groups, marking all as read. |
-f file | Specifies file to use for newsrc data. |
-h | Displays help information. |
-H | Displays introduction to tin. |
-I dir | Specifies directory to hold newsgroup index files. |
-m dir | Specifies mailbox directory to use. |
-M user | Mails unread articles to user. |
-n | Specifies to load only active, subscribed groups. |
-q | Specifies startup without checking for new newsgroups. |
-P | Purges all articles that do not exist. Time-consuming, particularly on a slow connection. |
-r | Specifies remote news reading from nntpserver. |
-s dir | Saves articles to directory specified. |
-S | Saves unread articles for later reading with -R option. |
-u | Creates and updates index files for all groups. |
-U | Starts tin in background to update index files while reading news. |
-v | Specifies verbose mode for some commands. |
-w | Allows quick posting. |
-z | Specifies to start tin only with new or unread news. |
-Z | Checks for new or unread news. |
touch | Use to change file times and create empty files. |
-a, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=use | Changes access time only. |
-c, --no-create | Specifies not to create files that do not already exist. |
-d, --date time | Updates files with given (not current) time. |
-m, --time=mtime, --time=Changes modification time only. |
-r, --reference file | Updates files with time of reference file. |
-t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] | Specifies time argument for setting time. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
tr | Use to translate or delete characters. |
--help | Specifies to display help message. |
--version | Specifies to display version information. |
traceroute | Use to identify the route packets take to a network host. |
-f | Specifies initial time-to-live used in the first probe. |
-F | Specifies "don't fragment" setting for probes. |
-d | Enables socket-level debugging. |
-g | Specifies a source route gateway. |
-i | Specifies a network interface to use for probes. |
-I | Specifies ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams. |
-m | Specifies maximum number of hops to use. |
-n | Specifies not to look up domain names for addresses. |
-p | Sets base UDP port number for probes. |
-r | Specifies to ignore routing and send directly to host on attached network. |
-s | Specifies IP address as source for probe. |
-v | Specifies verbose output and lists all received packets. |
-w | Specifies the number of seconds to wait for a response to a probe. |
umask | Use to set the file creation mask. |
unalias | Use to remove aliases from the list. |
-a | Removes all alias definitions. |
uname | Use to display system information. |
-m, --machine | Displays the machine or hardware type. |
-n, --nodename | Displays the node or host name. |
-r, --release | Displays the operating system release number. |
-s, --sysname | Displays the operating system name. |
-v | Displays the operating system version. |
-a, --all | Displays all the above information. |
--help | Displays help information. |
--version | Displays version information. |
uniq | Use to remove duplicate lines from a sorted list. |
-u, --unique | Outputs only unique lines. |
-d, --repeated | Outputs only duplicate lines. |
-c, --count | Outputs number of occurences of each line followed by the text of each line. |
-number, -f, --skip-fields=Specifies number of fields to ignore before checking for uniqueness. |
+number, -s, --skip-chars=Specifies number of characters to skip before checking for uniqueness. |
-w, --check-chars=number | Specifies number of characters to compare. |
--help | Prints help information. |
--version | Prints version information. |
units | Use to convert from one kind of unit to another. |
-c, --check | Specifies to check that the units data file is valid. |
--check-verbose | Specifies to check that the units data file is valid, with verbose output. |
-o format, --output-format Specifies the format for numeric output (in printf syntax). |
-f filename, --file Specifies to use filename as the units data file. |
-h, --help | Specifies to display a help message. |
-q, --quiet, --silent | Specifies quiet output and suppression of prompts. |
-s, --strict | Specifies not to convert to reciprocal units. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies more verbose output. |
-V, --version | Specifies to display version number. |
unzip | Use to manipulate and extract compressed files in a zip file. |
-f | Specifies to extract only files newer than those on disk. |
-l | Lists archive files in short format. |
-p | Extracts files to standard output. |
-t | Tests archive files for accuracy and completeness. |
-T | Sets the timestamp to the same as the newest file in the archive. |
-u | Updates existing files from the archive and creates new files as needed. |
-v | Displays verbose or diagnostic version information. |
-z | Displays archive comments. |
-j | Junks paths and puts all files in the current directory. |
-n | Specifies never to overwrite existing files. |
-o | Overwrites existing files without prompting. |
-P password | Requires password to decrypt zip file entries. |
-q | Performs operations quietly, without displaying most status information. |
-qq | Performs operations even more quietly. |
uudecode | Use to decode a file created by uuencode. |
-o file | Directs output to file. |
uuencode | Use to encode a binary file. |
-m | Specifies MIME (Base 64) encoding. |
vacation | Use to reply to mail automatically. |
-I | Initializes .vacation.db file and starts vacation. |
-a alias | Specifies alias for vacation user, so that mail sent to that alias generates a reply. |
-j | Specifies to always reply, regardless of To: or CC: addressing. |
-tn | Specifies the number of days between repeat replies to the same sender. |
-r | Specifies to use the "Reply-To:" header if available. |
-? | Displays a short help message. |
vi | Use for powerful text editing. |
-s | Specifies no interactive feedback. |
-l | Specifies LISP program editing setup. |
-L | Lists names of files saved after crashes. |
-R | Forces read-only mode. |
-r filename | Recovers filename edit file saved after a crash. |
-t tag | Starts editor with cursor at tag position. |
-V | Specifies verbose output with input echoed to standard error. |
-x | Specifies encryption option like that of ex and prompts for a key. |
-wn | Specifies default window size. |
-x | Specifies encryption option like that of ex and prompts for a key, assuming all text is encrypted. |
+command, -c command | Starts editor and executes specified command. |
w | Use to show who is logged on and what they are doing. |
-h | Disables header. |
-n | Ignores user name for current process and CPU times. |
-s | Specifies short format, omitting log in, JCPU, and PCPU times. |
-f | Toggles display of remote host name. |
-V | Displays version information. |
watch | Use to execute a program repeatedly with full-screen output. |
-h, --help | Specifies to display a help message. |
-v, --version | Specifies to display version number. |
-n=n, --interval | Specifies to override the default 2-second interval with n. |
-d, --differences | Specifies to display differences between successive updates. |
--cumulative | Specifies to keep all changes highlighted. |
wc | Use to count the number of bytes, words, and lines in a file. |
-c, --bytes, --chars | Displays only byte counts. |
-w, --words | Displays only word counts. |
-l, --lines | Displays only newline counts. |
--help | Displays help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
wget | Use to download files or entire Web sites. |
-V, --version | Specifies to display the version number. |
-h, --help | Specifies to display a help message. |
-b, --background | Specifies to start as a background process. |
-e command, --execute Specifies to execute command at end of startup process. |
-o logfile, --output-file=Specifies to log all messages to the specified file. |
-a logfile, --append-output=Specifies to append all messages to the specified file. |
-d, --debug, | Specifies to display debugging information. |
-q, --quiet | Specifies to suppress output. |
-v, --verbose | Specifies to provide verbose output (the default setting). |
-nv, --non-verbose | Specifies to provide nonverbose, nonquiet output. |
-i file, --input-file=Specifies to read URLs from the file given. |
-F --force-html | Specifies to force input to be treated as an HTML file. |
-B URL, --base=URL | Specifies to prepend URL to relative links in specified file. |
-t n, --TRies=n | Specifies number of retries. Use 0 for infinite. |
-O file, --output-document=Specifies to concatenate all documents as file or - for standard output. |
-nc --no-clobber | Specifies to not destroy a file of the same name as the file being downloaded. |
-c --continue | Specifies to continue getting a partially downloaded file. |
--progress=type | Specifies type of the progress indicator as "dot" and "bar". |
-N --timestamping | Specifies to enable time stamps. |
-S --server-response | Specifies to print the headers and responses sent by servers. |
--spider | Specifies to verify pages but not download them. |
-T seconds --timeout=seconds | Specifies length of the read timeout in seconds. |
--limit-rate=n | Specifies to limit the download speed to n bytes (or kilobytes with k, or megabytes with m) per second. |
-w n --wait=n | Specifies to wait the specified number (n) of seconds between retrievals. |
--waitretry=n | Specifies interval to wait before retrying failed downloads. |
--random-wait | Specifies to wait random intervals between requests. |
-Y on/off, --proxy=on/off | Specifies to turn proxy support on or off. |
-Q quota --quota=quota | Specifies the download quota (in b, k, or m) for automatic retrieval. |
-nd --no-directories | Specifies not to create a hierarchy of directories on recursive retrieval. |
-x --force-directories | Specifies always to create a hierarchy of directories on recursive retrieval. |
-nH --no-host-directories | Specifies not to create host name-prefixed directories. |
--cut-dirs=number | Specifies to ignore (flatten) specific numbers of directory levels. |
-P prefix --directory-prefix=Specifies directory prefix to use. |
-E --html-extension | Specifies to append .html to filenames. |
--http-user=user --http-passwd=Specifies the user name user and password password for an HTTP server. |
-C on/off --cache=on/off | Specifies to avoid or use server-side caching. |
--cookies=on/off | Specifies to use or disable cookies. |
--load-cookies file | Specifies to load cookies from file before the first retrieval. |
--save-cookies file | Specifies to save cookies to file at the end of the session. |
--ignore-length | Specifies to ignore "Content-Length" headers. |
--header=additional-header | Specifies to define an additional-header to be passed to the HTTP servers. |
--proxy-user=user proxy-passwd=Specifies the user name user and password password for authentication on a proxy server. |
--referer=url | Specifies to include "Referer: url" header in HTTP request. |
-s --save-headers | Specifies to save the headers sent by the HTTP server to the file. |
-U agent-string --user-agent=Specifies agent-string to send to the HTTP server. |
-nr --dont-remove-listing | Specifies not to remove the temporary listing files generated by FTP retrievals. |
-g on/off --glob=on/off | Specifies to turn FTP globbing (wildcard use) on or off. |
--passive-ftp | Specifies to use the passive FTP retrieval method for use behind firewalls. |
--retr-symlinks | Specifies to retrieve files pointed to by symbolic links. |
-r --recursive | Specifies to turn on recursive retrieving. |
-l depth --level=depth | Specifies the maximum depth for recursive retrieval. |
--delete-after | Specifies to delete files downloaded, as soon as they're retrieved. |
-k --convert-links | Specifies to convert the links in the document for local viewing. |
-K --backup-converted | Specifies to back up the original version with a .orig suffix. |
-m --mirror | Specifies to turn on options suitable for mirroring. |
-p --page-requisites | Specifies to download all required files to display a page. |
-A acclist --accept acclist -R rejlist | Specifies lists of filename patterns to accept or reject. |
-D domain-list --domains=Specifies domains to be followed. |
--exclude-domains domain-list | Specifies the domains that are not to be followed. |
--follow-ftp | Specifies to follow FTP links from HTML documents. |
--follow-tags=list | Specifies to use list for tags that indicate links. |
-G list --ignore-tags=list | Specifies to ignore listed tags for indication of links. |
-H --span-hosts | Specifies to recursively retrieve from multiple hosts. |
-L --relative | Specifies to follow relative links only. |
-I list --include-directories=Specifies a list (with wildcards) of directories to follow when downloading. |
-X list --exclude-directories=Specifies a list (with wildcards) of directories to exclude when downloading. |
-np --no-parent | Specifies not to download from the parent directory. |
whereis | Use to find information about the specified file. |
-b | Specifies to search only for binary files. |
-m | Specifies to search only for man pages. |
-s | Specifies to search only for source files. |
-u | Specifies to search for unusual entries, which are files with fewer than one binary, man, and source entry. |
-B | Specifies to change or limit where whereis searches for binaries. |
-M | Specifies to change or limit where whereis searches for man pages. |
-S | Specifies to change or limit where whereis searches for source files. |
-f | Specifies to end the directory list and start the filename list for use with the -B, -M, or -S options. |
who | Use to display information about who is logged onto the system. |
-m | Specifies "me", as in "who am I?". |
-q, --count | Displays login names and total number of logged on users. |
-i, -u, --idle | Displays idle time. |
-H, --heading | Displays column headings. |
-w, -T, --mesg, --writable | Displays user message status. |
--help | Displays a help message. |
--version | Displays version information. |
write | Use to send a message to another user. |
ydecode | Use to decode yencoded files. |
yencode | Use to encode files with the yEnc algorithm. |
zsh | Use the flexible, powerful Z shell. |
-c | Specifies to take the first argument as a command to execute. |
-i | Specifies to force an interactive shell. |
-s | Specifies to force shell to read commands on standard input. |
--version | Specifies to print the version number. |
--help | Specifies to print help information. |
zip | Use to create a zip-format file archive. |
-A | Accommodates a self-extracting executable archive. |
-b path | Specifies a path for the temporary files. |
-c | Provides one-line comments for each file in the archive. |
-d | Deletes entries from an archive. |
-D | Specifies not to create entries in the zip archive for directories. |
-e | Encrypts the contents of the zip archive using a password. |
-f | Freshens an existing entry in the archive if the new file has been modified more recently than the version in the zip archive. |
-F | Fixes the zip archive. |
-g | Appends to the specified archive. |
-h | Displays help information. |
-i files | Includes only specified files. |
-j | Junks path name and stores only filename. |
-J | Junks prepended data (for self-extracting archives) from the archive. |
-l | Translates Unix text files to MS-DOS text files. |
-ll | Translates MS-DOS text files to Unix text files. |
-L | Displays the zip license. |
-m | Moves specified files into the archive and deletes originals. |
-n suffixes | Specifies not to compress files with the given suffixes. |
-o | Sets the modification time of the zip archive to that of oldest of the files in the archive. |
-q | Specifies quiet mode to eliminate messages and prompts. |
-r | Includes files and directories recursively. |
-t mmddyyyy | Ignores files modified before the given date. |
-T | Tests the new archive and reverts to the old archive if errors are found. |
-u | Updates an existing entry in the archive only if the existing file has been changed more recently than the copy in the archive. |
-v | Specifies verbose mode to print diagnostic and version information. |
-x files | Excludes the specified files. |
-z | Requires a multiline comment for the entire archive. |
-@ | Gets a list of input files from standard input. |