Review Questions

1.	What does the air interface protocol specify? Tag memory size Way of communicating between tags and readers Maximum allowed transmitted power Dense reader mode
2.	Which standard applies to active RFID tags? EPC Generation 2 ISO/IEC 18000 Part 3 ISO/IEC 18000 Part 7 ANSI INCITS 256
3.	Which organization allocates and manages global frequencies? ISO (International Organization for Standardization) IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) ITU (International Telecommunication Union) EPCglobal
4.	What is the function of the header in an EPC tag data format? Determines the type, length, and structure of the EPC Carries the EPC number Determines rewritability of the tag Carries the memory passwords
5.	What is the maximum allowed transmitted power (ERP) in Europe under ETSI 302 208? 0.5 W 1 W 2 W 4 W
6.	Which standard specifies the operation in the UHF band including the limits on transmitted power in the United States? FCC Part 15 ISO/IEC 18000 Part 6 FCC Part 13 ANSI INCITS 256
7.	What is the worst-case susceptibility of explosive devices that you have to be aware of? 95 mA and 69 mW 350 mA and 2.3 W 35 mA and 0.3 mW 85 mA and 54 mW
8.	What standard does the ISO ratification of the EPC Generation 2 protocol create? ISO/IEC 18000 Part 6C ISO/IEC 18000 Part 8 ISO/IEC 19000 Part 1 FCC Part 15.103
9.	Which organization regulates RFID in China (mainland)? OFTA (Office of the Telecommunications Authority) SAC (Standardization Administration of China) MPHPT (Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications) OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
10.	What has to be your primary concern when installing an RFID portal? That the portal achieves high read rates That the portal does not obstruct exit doors That the personnel will see the light stack That the portal doesn't cause RF interference
11.	What type of enclosure would you use to protect your interrogators from harsh conditions? ISO-certified enclosure Any available watertight enclosure NEMA enclosure Any available airtight enclosure
12.	What country uses a UHF band that is very different from the band used in the United States or Europe? Brazil Japan Australia Mexico
13.	What types of standards does the GS1 create? Voluntary, international, barcode, and RFID standards International enforced standards Voluntary barcode standards in Europe Enforced RFID standards in the United States
14.	What are the parts of an EPC GID (General Identifier)? (Select three options.) Manager number Partition Filter value Serial number Object class
15.	According to the FCC, what is a safe distance for a human to be from an antenna for prolonged periods of time? 5 inches 9 inches 18 inches 25 inches
16.	Which standard includes the military specifications for hazards of exposure to electromagnetic radiation? FCC Part 15 HERO (Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance) WHO (World Health Organization) Recommendation ANSI INCITS 256
17.	What effects can low-frequency radiation in high powers have on the human body? No effects. Only high frequencies have negative effects on the human body. Warming of the body. Effects on the central nervous system. Effects on reproductive organs.
18.	What effects can high-frequency radiation in high powers have on the human body? Warming of the body. Effects on reproductive organs. Effects on the central nervous system. No effects. Only low frequencies have effects on the human body.
19.	What techniques does the FCC require for transmissions in UHF and microwave bands? (Select two options.) Frequency hopping Digital modulation Triggered interrogation Duty cycles
20.	How does the GS1 work? Through local governments Through its member organizations Through the press Through industry councils and trade groups

Answers

1.	B. The air interface protocol defines the rules of communication between tags and interrogators. It includes rules for encoding, modulation, anticollision, and reading and writing to a tag, as well as other operations. The protocol usually does not define the tag architecture or tag memory size.
2.	C. ISO/IEC 18000 Part 7 specifies the air interface protocol for active tags operating at 433 MHz.
3.	C. Global frequencies are allocated and managed by the ITU, which assigns the frequencies to various regions, technologies, and purposes.
4.	A. The header in an EPC number has the same function for all types of EPC formats-it carries information about the encoding format of the rest of the number. It determines the type, length, and structure of the encoded EPC number.
5.	C. Under the new ETSI regulation 302 208, the maximum allowed transmitted power is 2 W in a band of 865.6–867.6 MHz.
6.	A. FCC Part 15 specifies the conditions for an intentional, unintentional, or incidental radiator to be operated without an individual license. It also contains the technical specifications, administrative requirements, and conditions relating to the marketing of devices regulated by Part 15.
7.	D. A device is considered Unsafe if it withstands less than 2.25 W MNFP and 340 mA MNFC, but the worst-case susceptibility is 85 mA MNFC and 54 mW MNFP. The highest protective measures must be employed.
8.	A. When ratified by the ISO, the EPC Generation 2 protocol will become ISO/IEC 18000 Part 6C. Parts 6A and 6B are already established UHF ISO tag protocols.
9.	B. The SAC regulates RFID in mainland China, while the OFTA regulates RFID in China's special administrative area of Hong Kong. MPHPT regulates RFID in Japan. OSHA is a safety agency of the U.S. government.
10.	B. When installing any equipment, you have to make sure that you do not obstruct any exit doors or safety devices such as fire extinguishers, drinking fountains, or fire hydrants.
11.	C. When choosing an enclosure to protect your interrogators, you should use an enclosure certified by NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association). These enclosures are rated according to the protection they provide. This way you will ensure that the enclosure will appropriately protect your equipment and personnel and avoid failures of noncertified products.
12.	B. Japan uses a band of 952–954 MHz, which is quite different from 865–868 MHz in Europe and 902–928 MHz in the United States. This may cause problems in international supply chains; however, this issue can be made less problematic by using tags that can operate on all three frequencies (see Chapter 4, "Tags").
13.	A. The GS1 creates voluntary international standards for bar codes, EDI transactions sets, XML schemas, RFID, and other supply chain solutions.
14.	A, D, E. An EPC GID consists of a header; a manager number, which carries the company reference; an object class, which describes the group of the item; and a serial number. Partition and filter values are present in other types of EPC formats such as SGTIN and SSCC.
15.	B. The recommended distance for prolonged human exposure to radiation from an RFID antenna is 9 inches.
16.	B. The military publishes the Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance in order to specify the limits for exposure of military personnel as well as electronic devices to electromagnetic radiation.
17.	C. Low frequencies under 10 MHz can have adverse effects on the central nervous system. These effects cannot be time-averaged.
18.	A. When the human body is exposed to strong high-frequency (above 100 kHz) radiation, it tends to start warming up. You can relate this to the microwave oven principle.
19.	A, B. The FCC requires interrogators to employ frequency hopping or digital modulation when transmitting in the UHF and microwave frequency bands. Triggered interrogation and duty cycles are required in Europe by the ETSI.
20.	B. The GS1 works through 104 member organizations around the world. It now maintains the largest item identification system in the world and "the most implemented supply-chain standards system in the world."