The remaining categories of black-box test techniques aren't standalone methods as much as they are variations of the data testing and state testing that has already been described. If you've done thorough equivalence partitioning of your program's data, created a detailed state map, and developed test cases from these, you'll find most software bugs that a user would find. What's left are techniques for finding the stragglers, the ones that, if they were real living bugs, might appear to have a mind of their own, going their own way. Finding them might appear a bit subjective and not necessarily based on reason, but if you want to flush out every last bug, you'll have to be a bit creative. Behave Like a Dumb UserThe politically correct term might be inexperienced user or new user, but in reality, they're all the same thing. Put a person who's unfamiliar with the software in front of your program and they'll do and try things that you never imagined. They'll enter data that you never thought of. They'll change their mind in mid-stream, back up, and do something different. They'll surf through your website, clicking things that shouldn't be clicked. They'll discover bugs that you completely missed. It can be frustrating, as a tester, to watch someone who has no experience in testing spend five minutes using a piece of software and crash it. How do they do it? They weren't operating on any rules or making any assumptions. When you're designing your test cases or looking at the software for the first time, try to think like a dumb user. Throw out any preconceived ideas you had about how the software should work. If you can, bring in a friend who isn't working on the project to brainstorm ideas with you. Assume nothing. Adding these test cases to your designed library of test cases will create a very comprehensive set. Look for Bugs Where You've Already Found ThemThere are two reasons to look for bugs in the areas where you've already found them:
Think like a HackerAs you'll learn in Chapter 13, no software is 100% secure. The hackers of the world know this and will seek to find vulnerabilities in your software and exploit them. As a tester, you'll need to be devious and conniving. Try to think of what things of value your software contains, why someone might want to gain access to them, and what the methods of entry might be for them to get in. Don't be gentle. They won't be. Follow Experience, Intuition, and HunchesThere's no better way to improve as a software tester than to gain experience. There's no better learning tool than just doing it, and there's no better lesson than getting that first phone call from a customer who found a bug in the software you just finished testing. Experience and intuition can't be taught. They must be gained over time. You can apply all the techniques you've learned so far and still miss important bugs. It's the nature of the business. As you progress through your career, learning to test different types and sizes of products, you'll pick up little tips and tricks that steer you toward those tough-to-find bugs. You'll be able to start testing a new piece of software and quickly find bugs that your peers would have missed. Take notes of what works and what doesn't. Try different approaches. If you think something looks suspicious, take a closer look. Go with your hunches until you prove them false.
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