Yesterday you learned the first part of how to create a database. Using the CREATE DATABASE statement, you will create by default the SYSTEM tablespace. This tablespace will be created on the datafiles that you specify in the CREATE DATABASE statement. This SYSTEM tablespace is used to store important internal structures such as the data dictionary, the system stored procedures, and the system rollback segments.
Unless you specify otherwise, the SYSTEM tablespace will be used as the default for all database users. This is not desirable, so it is important to create additional tablespaces as soon as possible. The creation of the additional tablespaces, where you place your own tables, indexes, and so on, is really the second part of creating your own database.
WARNING: The SYSTEM tablespace is used to hold important system schema objects. It is a good idea not to create user objects on the SYSTEM tablespace. If the SYSTEM tablespace runs out of space, this could disrupt the entire operation of the RDBMS.
Today you will learn how to create tablespaces, what they are used for, and how to properly configure the tablespaces for optimal performance using Oracle8 partitioning.
Day 2, "Exploring the Oracle Architecture," presented you with an overview of the Oracle architecture and briefly outlined Oracle tablespaces. This section reviews the Oracle tablespace in more detail.
The Oracle tablespace is the lowest logical layer of the Oracle data structure. The tablespace consists of one or more datafiles; these can be files on the operating system filesystem or raw devices. Until recently the size of a datafile was fixed, but now datafiles can be extended automatically or manually.
The tablespace is important in that it provides the finest granularity for laying out data across datafiles. After the tablespace is created, you don't have much control over how the actual tables are distributed within the tablespace. By carefully configuring the tablespace, you have some coarse configuration options (you will see these later today), but for the most part, the internal layout of schema objects on tablespaces is done automatically.
As you will see later, if you take advantage of the range partitioning feature of Oracle8, the partition configuration is very important. In fact, how and where your tablespaces are created is crucial to the optimization of range partitioning.
Every Oracle database must have at least one tablespace. When you create a database, the SYSTEM tablespace is created by default. This is where the data dictionary is kept. By default, a user is assigned to the SYSTEM tablespace, but this is not recommended. As you will see on Day 10, "Administering User Accounts," users can and should be assigned tablespaces based on the function they are to perform. Quotas can also be placed on these users, specifying how much space they can use.
Tablespaces can hold any one of four types of segments:
Tablespaces are made read-write by default, but can be altered to become read-only as shown later today. Read-only tablespaces can be very useful in a number of situations.
Creating a tablespace consists of specifying one or more datafiles and storage parameters. The datafiles can be either filesystem files or raw devices. The storage parameters specify how the tablespace is used. The storage parameters are important and are discussed later today.
As with most of the operations you have seen so far, the tablespace can be created both graphically with the Oracle Enterprise Manager or with a SQL script using the Server Manager. Both methods are described here.
NOTE: Under Windows NT, each datafile can be 4MB blocks in size. For a 2KB block size, this is 8GB; for an 8KB block size, this is 32GB in size. A tablespace can consist of a maximum of 1,022 datafiles. Therefore, a tablespace under Windows NT can be a maximum size of 32TB (terabytes).
You can create tablespaces using either Enterprise Manager or Storage Manager. Either method performs essentially the same task; in fact, the screens used to perform the creation are identical.
For this example, I have shut down all Enterprise Manager panes except the Navigator pane. I did this by unchecking all panes in the View drop-down menu that I did not want displayed. By unchecking the Map, Job, and Event panes, I removed them from the screen. From here you will work through an example of how to create a tablespace using Enterprise Manager.
Drill down to the DOGS.world database by clicking the Database option and then clicking the DOGS.world option.
If you click the Tablespace option, you will see that there is already (by default) one tablespace present in the system: the SYSTEM tablespace.
By drilling down into the SYSTEM tablespace option, you can see that it is also possible to administer datafiles and rollback segments from here.
With Enterprise Manager, it is simply necessary to right-click the Tablespace option in the tree structure, as shown in Figure 7.1. This will present you with a number of tasks that you can perform on tablespaces. From here you can create a tablespace.
Figure 7.1.
Tablespace options.
As you can see, the first option available is the Create option. Clicking this option will invoke the Create Tablespace dialog box, shown in Figure 7.2. From this dialog box, you can create additional tablespaces.
Figure 7.2.
The Create Tablespace dialog box.
Available options include
If you click the Add button, a new datafile will be created. The Create Datafile dialog box is shown in Figure 7.3.
Figure 7.3.
The Create Datafile dialog box.
In the Create Datafile dialog box, provide a datafile name and a size. Click M if you want the size to appear in megabytes; K (kilobytes) is the default. After you have filled in the Create Datafile dialog box, you are returned to the Create Tablespace dialog box. To finish, click the OK button.
Enterprise Manager provides you with the ability to view the SQL used to create the tablespace. If you click the Show SQL button, you will see the SQL statement used to create the tablespace (see Figure 7.4). As you can see, after you click the Show SQL button, that button changes to a Hide SQL button. If you click the Hide SQL button, the SQL statement will no longer be displayed.
Figure 7.4.
Option to view the SQL statement.
Viewing the SQL statements created by the graphical tools can be a very nice learning tool. By trying various options, you can see the different SQL statements that are created and how they change. Following these procedures, you can create new tablespaces directly from the Oracle Enterprise Manager.
Tablespaces can also be created through the use of the Storage Manager application that is part of Enterprise Manager. Storage Manager is used to manage storage objects such as tablespaces and datafiles on a particular instance. Unlike Enterprise Manager, where multiple databases are displayed, Storage Manager is concerned only with the instance you log in to it with. After you log in to Storage Manager, you will see the main dialog box (see Figure 7.5).
As with Enterprise Manager, you can drill down to the tablespace level in Storage Manager by clicking the Tablespace option (shown in Figure 7.6).
Again you see the SYSTEM option, but with Storage Manager, you see a detail screen on the right-hand side that shows the following:
From this point, you can look at the tablespaces and datafiles that are currently in use, or you can create new tablespaces. If you right-click the Tablespace option, you will see a menu similar to the one shown in Figure 7.1. From this menu you can click the Create button to invoke the Create Tablespace dialog box (refer to Figure 7.2).
Figure 7.5.
The Storage Manager main screen.
Figure 7.6.
The Tablespace view.
If you use Storage Manager, you will see that the screens and operation are identical to those used in Enterprise Manager. The basic differences are in the main screen (refer to Figure 7.5), which gives you more information than Enterprise Manager. The same options are used and the same procedures are followed to create a tablespace using Storage Manager.
You can create a tablespace with the Server Manager using the CREATE TABLESPACE command. This command can be run either interactively within Server Manager or from a SQL script. As with the CREATE DATABASE command, I prefer to use a SQL script because it can be reused or used as a template for further tablespace creations. This SQL script is also a good record of the operations necessary to re-create the database in case of a catastrophic failure. The following command is used to create a tablespace:
CREATE TABLESPACE DATAFILE file_specification [AUTOEXTEND OFF] or [AUTOEXTEND ON [NEXT number K or M] [MAXSIZE UNLIMITED or MAXSIZE number K or M] [NOLOGGING or LOGGING] [, file_specification [AUTOEXTEND OFF] or [AUTOEXTEND ON [NEXT number K or M] [MAXSIZE UNLIMITED or MAXSIZE number K or M] [NOLOGGING or LOGGING]] [MINIMUM EXTENT number K or M] [DEFAULT STORAGE storage_clause] [ONLINE or OFFLINE] [PERMANENT or TEMPORARY]
DATAFILE file_specification specifies the filename or filenames of the datafiles that make up the tablespace. File specification is made up of the `filename' SIZE number (K or M) [REUSE] component. The file specification is used to define the name and the initial size in kilobytes (K) or megabytes (M) of the datafile. The REUSE parameter allows you to use the name of an existing file.
Additional qualifiers to the DATAFILE parameter are
Other parameters available with the CREATE TABLESPACE command are
As you can see, there are many options available in the creation of the tablespace. Among these are the storage parameters that are shown later in this lesson. These storage parameters define the characteristics of the tablespace and how it grows.
It is often necessary to modify a tablespace that has already been created. This can be accomplished in several ways, either using Enterprise Manager or Server Manager. Before I go into the syntax of operations that are available to modify the tablespace parameters and state, I would like to go through the various options and why you would perform these operations. At the end of this section you will see how to operationally change the tablespace properties and state.
Bringing the tablespace offline can occur in several different ways. These methods normally take the tablespace offline either with the Temporary option or with the Immediate option. Each of these options has different purposes and consequences.
Bringing a tablespace offline normally involves Oracle checkpointing all the datafiles used by the tablespace and then bringing the tablespace offline. Bringing a tablespace offline normally requires all the datafiles to be available and functioning properly. Bringing a tablespace back online from a normal offline operation does not require recovery.
Bringing a tablespace offline with the Temporary option will allow the tablespace to be brought offline even if a datafile is unavailable. So even if you are having a problem with a datafile, you can bring the tablespace offline with the Temporary option. All the available datafiles will be checkpointed. Bringing the tablespace back online might require some recovery.
Using the Immediate option to take a tablespace offline does just what you'd think: The tablespace is immediately taken offline without the datafiles being checkpointed, so recovery is required when the tablespace is brought back online. This should be done only as a last resort under emergency conditions.
Any tablespace that has been taken offline for any reason can be brought back online either through Enterprise Manager or Server Manager. Bringing a tablespace online alters the state of that tablespace so that it can be accessed by users. Depending on how the tablespace was taken offline, there might be recovery involved in bringing it back online.
When performing an online backup operation using traditional methods not involving the new Recovery Manager, use the following procedure:
2. The datafiles are backed up using OS or third-party utilities.
3. The tablespace is brought back online and any unwritten changes are updated on the datafiles.
This has been the traditional method for the Oracle backup operation. Backup and recovery are covered in detail on Days 16, "Understanding Effective Backup Techniques," and 17, "Recovering the Database."
Because the tablespace allocates space to schema objects in extents of various sizes, it is possible that over time this space will become fragmented. As extents are allocated, Oracle looks for free space that is closest in size to the space needed for the new extent. As the tablespace ages and extents are added and freed, you might find many small free extents located next to each other, as illustrated in Figure 7.7.
Figure 7.7.
A fragmented tablespace.
By coalescing the tablespace, you coalesce the adjacent free extents into larger free extents, thus making the free space more flexible to new extent allocations. Compare the fragmented tablespace shown in Figure 7.7 with the same tablespace after it is coalesced (see Figure 7.8).
Figure 7.8.
A coalesced tablespace.
The SMON process automatically coalesces tablespaces unless the process has been disabled. It is rarely necessary to coalesce a tablespace by hand, but it is necessary to know how and why this operation is performed.
It is often necessary to add more datafiles to a tablespace if you need more space or want to spread out I/Os among more disk drives. It is also faster to add datafiles to a tablespace than to create them at database-creation time. The CREATE TABLESPACE command works serially. That is, it creates one datafile at a time. By adding datafiles, this operation can be parallelized, so multiple datafiles can be added to a tablespace at once.
TIP: It can be faster to add datafiles to a tablespace than to specify them at tablespace creation because adding datafiles can be done in parallel. Datafile creation at tablespace-creation time is done in serial, one at a time. For creation of a large tablespace, this can save significant time.
The tablespace can be altered with Storage Manager and with the ALTER TABLESPACE command that can be run from Server Manager.
There is some limited ability to modify the tablespace from within Enterprise Manager itself. Drill down to the Tablespace option and right-click the tablespace you want to modify. In this case, I have right-clicked the DOGS tablespace. Selecting Quick Edit will invoke the Quick Edit Tablespace dialog box, shown in Figure 7.9.
Figure 7.9.
The Quick Edit Tablespace dialog box.
As you can see, the options available from the Quick Edit Tablespace dialog box are quite limited:
The options to modify a tablespace via Enterprise Manager are quite limited compared to the various tablespace options that are available.
To modify the database through a graphical utility, you can use Enterprise Manager or Enterprise Manager's application, Storage Manager. Storage Manager is invoked either through Enterprise Manager or from the Oracle Administrators toolbar.
On the left side of the Enterprise Manager screen, you see the Navigator pane, where a tree-like structure displays the SID as the top level and branches out to tablespaces, datafiles, and rollback segments. If you drill down to the tablespace level, you will see the detail screen of the tablespaces, as shown in Figure 7.10.
Figure 7.10.
The Storage Manager Tablespace view.
An extremely useful feature of this screen is the capability to show how much of your space is used in the tablespaces. On the far-right side, you can see both the size of the tablespaces and the amount of space that each tablespace has used.
You can drill down to the Tablespace screen and right-click to invoke a list of options, as shown in Figure 7.11. As you can see, the options available to modify the tablespaces are as limited as within Enterprise Manager. You do, however, get a few more features within Storage Manager.
An extremely useful feature of this screen is the capability to show how much of your space is used within each object. If you click the Datafile option, you can view each of the datafiles and the space available in each, as shown in Figure 7.12.
As with the tablespace and datafile screens, you can view the space used in the rollback segments by clicking the Rollback Segments option. You will see more on how to use Storage Manager with rollback segments tomorrow.
Figure 7.11.
The Storage Manager Tablespace options.
Figure 7.12.
Datafile view.
As you can see, Enterprise Manager and Storage Manager are quite limited when it comes to modifying tablespaces. Only a few options are available. All the tablespace options can be modified with the ALTER TABLESPACE command. This command can be used to modify the tablespace parameters that are set when the tablespace is created, to alter the state of the tablespace, or to add datafiles.
The ALTER TABLESPACE command is run with the following syntax:
SYNTAX:
ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace [LOGGING or NOLOGGING] [ADD DATAFILE file_specification [AUTOEXTEND OFF] or [AUTOEXTEND ON [NEXT number K or M] [MAXSIZE UNLIMITED or MAXSIZE number K or M]] [, file_specification [AUTOEXTEND OFF] or [AUTOEXTEND ON [NEXT number K or M] [MAXSIZE UNLIMITED or MAXSIZE number K or M]] [RENAME DATAFILE `filename' [, `filename]... TO `filename' [, `filename']...] [COALESCE] [DEFAULT STORAGE storage_clause] [MINIMUM EXTENT number [K or M]] [ONLINE] [OFFLINE NORMAL or OFFLINE TEMPORARY or OFFLINE IMMEDIATE] [BEGIN BACKUP or END BACKUP] [READ ONLY or READ WRITE] [PERMANENT or TEMPORARY]
The parameters used to alter the tablespace are defined as follows:
file_specification consists of the `filename' SIZE number (K or M) [REUSE] component. file_specification is used to define the name, and the initial size in kilobytes (K) or megabytes (M) of the datafile. The REUSE parameter allows you to use the name of an existing file.
Additional qualifiers to the ADD DATAFILE parameter are
Other parameters available with the ALTER TABLESPACE command are
As you have seen, the ALTER TABLESPACE command allows many changes to be made to the tablespace. Changes to tablespaces should always be logged when they occur. If the database ever needs to be re-created, this information is critical.
The STORAGE clause is very important because it is used to specify the initial size and characteristics of the tablespace as well as the future growth of that tablespace.
The STORAGE clause has the following syntax:
SYNTAX:
STORAGE ( [INITIAL number K or M] [NEXT number K or M] [MINEXTENTS number] [MAXEXTENTS number or MAXEXTENTS UNLIMITED] [PCTINCREASE number] [FREELISTS number] [FREELIST GROUPS number] [OPTIMAL [number K or M] or [NULL]] )
The parameters used in the STORAGE clause are defined as follows:
These storage parameters can be used not only in the creation of tablespaces, but also in the creation of schema objects, as you will see later in the book. The size and characteristics of the tablespaces can be very important to the performance of the system.
NOTE: For tablespaces, you specify the DEFAULT STORAGE options. These are used as the default values for the schema objects that you will be creating. Your schema object creation options override the default storage parameters.
By using the STORAGE clause, you can be very efficient with how the schema objects are stored. If you know you will be loading a large amount of data that will be stored in a certain table, it is much more efficient to have a few large extents rather than many small extents. This is typically be done using the STORAGE clause on the schema objects like so:
CREATE TABLESPACE ts_1 DATAFILE `D:\database\ts_1_a.dbf' SIZE 20M, E:\database\ts_1_b.dbf SIZE 20M DEFAULT STORAGE ( INITIAL 2M NEXT 2M PCTINCREASE 0 MINEXTENTS 2 );
This creates the tablespace ts_1 with two datafiles and two initial extents. To create the same tablespace but allow the second datafile to autoextend, you can affix the additional parameters as follows:
CREATE TABLESPACE ts_1 DATAFILE `D:\database\ts_1_a.dbf' SIZE 20M, E:\database\ts_1_b.dbf SIZE 20M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 1M MAXSIZE 30M DEFAULT STORAGE ( INITIAL 2M NEXT 2M PCTINCREASE 0 MINEXTENTS 2 );
Remember that the DEFAULT STORAGE clause is used for the creation of extents. Extents are used to hold schema objects. When the schema objects are created and grow, the default storage parameters are used. These parameters are simply defaults for the schema objects that are created on these tablespaces. Schema objects created with their own storage parameters override the tablespace defaults.
As described previously, it is possible to alter a tablespace to make it read-only. Read-only tablespaces are similar to read-write tablespaces except that no changes can be made to the schema objects residing on those tablespaces. When a tablespace is read-only, the need to back up this tablespace is eliminated.
Because the data is guaranteed not to change, it is unnecessary to perform regular backups on the read-only data. If a backup has been performed at some time, that backup should be good for the life of the tablespace.
Because the read-only tablespace is not modified by Oracle, it is possible to place the tablespace on a read-only medium such as a CD-ROM or a WORM drive. If this data is archival in nature but must be available, a CD-ROM is an excellent choice.
All tablespaces are created as read-write tablespaces and must be populated with data before they are useful. After the data and indexes have been created to your specifications, the tablespace can be made read-only. This can happen in several ways.
Enterprise Manager or Storage Manager can be used to modify a tablespace to be read-only, as described in the previous section. Simply go to the Tablespace Modification screen, shown in Figure 7.13, and click the Read Only box.
Figure 7.13.
Making a tablespace read-only.
I enjoy Enterprise Manager's capability to show the SQL used to perform the command. I encourage you to use this feature to become familiar with the DDL statements that are used in these operations.
The tablespace can also be made read-only through the use of the ALTER TABLESPACE command. The syntax looks something like this:
ALTER TABLESPACE DOGS READONLY;
There are several uses for the read-only tablespace, but they are fairly specific. Whether you can take advantage of it depends on your applications.
If you have a large amount of static data that can be put on slower media, the read-only tablespace might be advantageous for you. A read-only tablespace might also be advantageous if you want to guarantee that archival data is not modified.
Temporary tablespaces are used to perform sort operations that cannot fit into memory. If you allocate a tablespace specifically for sorting, it is unnecessary to allocate and deallocate space in tablespaces that are used for other purposes (doing so causes fragmentation).
When a sort operation cannot fit in memory, it must create and use a temporary segment. This temporary segment allocates extents and continues to do so until it has enough room to perform the sort. With large DSS queries, these temporary segments can become quite large. By having tablespaces specifically for this type of operation, not only will the sorts be more efficient, there will be less temporary usage on your data tablespaces.
A tablespace can be made temporary when it is created with Enterprise Manager, with Storage Manager, or with the CREATE TABLESPACE command. You can change an existing tablespace from a permanent one to a temporary one using the GUI tools or the ALTER TABLESPACE command. This syntax looks something like this:
ALTER TABLESPACE DOGS TEMPORARY;
It is rare that you will change a permanent tablespace to a temporary one, or vice versa. A temporary tablespace is typically created as such, and will remain so for the duration of its existence.
The tablespace is the resource from which the schema objects obtain their space. Think of a tablespace as a filesystem on a set of disk drives. The space is there and allocated, but is not used until somebody creates a file or saves some data. This is also true of the Oracle tablespace.
As schema objects are created, extents are allocated from the tablespace. These extents are allocated based on the storage parameters of the schema creation or the tablespace's default storage parameters.
As objects are created, the space is taken from the front of the tablespace; as more and more objects are created, the space is allocated from where the last object was created. This can cause some problems.
NOTE: Here is an example of where the tablespaces can work counter to your intent: The system has two disk drives, each 4GB in size. You create a tablespace that uses two datafiles, one on each drive of 4GB each.
In this case, only the first disk drive will be used until you use up 4GB of space in the tablespace, as shown in Figure 7.14. Only then it will start using space on the second datafile. Unfortunately, this does little to balance the I/O load.
Instead, create eight, 1GB datafiles, four on each disk drive in an alternating pattern (see Figure 7.15). This will more evenly spread the load.
Figure 7.14.
Unbalanced tablespaces.
Figure 7.15.
Balanced tablespaces.
Other ways to balance the I/O load are to use hardware features or OS features such as disk striping. If you stripe your disk drives with a disk array or with software striping, the load will be fairly well balanced among all the disk drives in the stripe.
TIP: Disk striping can be an easy way to balance the I/O load between disk drives. A hardware or software disk array will evenly distribute the data among all the disk drives in the stripe.
Configuring and managing the tablespaces can be a time-consuming task requiring much up-front planning. This planning is well worth it. More time spent planning now means less time spent fixing problems later.
Even after the tablespaces have been created, your job is not over. You must monitor the space used and the load balancing of your tablespaces. As you recall from Day 4, "Properly Sizing Your Database and Planning for Growth," capacity planning and sizing are very important duties. By anticipating problems and solving them before they become critical, you can avoid costly mishaps. By monitoring the system and planning for the future, you can avoid costly downtime.
As described previously, you can use Storage Manager to view both the tablespaces and the datafiles for space utilization. The information provided by Storage Manager is quite useful. From the Tablespace view, you can see both the space allocated to the tablespace and the amount of space used in the tablespace (refer to Figure 7.6). The SYSTEM tablespace has used approximately 11.7MB of its available 25MB. The colored bar shows this to be about 45% used.
This feature is also available from the Datafiles option (refer to Figure 7.12). This shows approximately the same view as in the Tablespace view since both tablespaces, SYSTEM and DOGS, have one associated datafile. In situations where more datafiles exist, you might be able to determine whether balancing of space is an issue. You must use the NT Performance Monitor to determine whether I/O balancing is a problem.
As detailed yesterday, you should use diskperf to determine whether you are overloading your I/O system. Periodically look at the physical disk statistics during peak and nonpeak usage periods. If you see one or two disk drives that have more activity than others, you may have an I/O problem. Don't rely on things staying the same. Performance characteristics of your system are constantly changing and must be monitored.
TIP: Try scheduling several days during the month to monitor system performance. Put it on your calendar at the beginning of the month. Monitor several different days of the week and times of day to get some different samples.
Yesterday you looked at the database-creation operation that creates the database, the redo log files, the control files, and the SYSTEM tablespace. This tablespace is populated with stored procedures and structures necessary to run the Oracle RDBMS. But this does not leave room for your data.
Today you looked at the second step of creating your own database: creating tablespaces. After the database has been created, you must create additional tablespaces for your own data. These tablespaces are where your specific schema objects will reside, and where your data will be loaded. This is why I refer to tablespace creation as the second step in creating your database.
These tablespaces are very important because your data and the performance of your system rely on how well you design these tablespaces. The tablespaces are the key to data partitioning and load balancing. It is very important to plan the layout of your tablespaces and datafiles with performance and functionality in mind. In subsequent lessons you will see how important this is.
Tomorrow you will see the importance of the redo log files, the control files, and the rollback segments. After finishing tomorrow's lesson, you will be familiar with all operations that involve physical datafiles. The four types of files that exist in the Oracle database are datafiles, control files, redo log files, and parameter files. All other Oracle structures reside within the datafiles.
As you learned on Day 2, "Exploring the Oracle Architecture," the Oracle instance consists of the Oracle datafiles (all types), the Oracle memory structures, and the Oracle processes. By the end of Day 8, "Administering Redo Logs, Control Files, and Rollback Segments," you will have seen all the physical files used in normal operations (don't forget backups and archiving, which you will see later).
A You can use Enterprise Manager, Storage Manager, or the CREATE TABLESPACE command to create a tablespace.
Q What is a tablespace used for?
A The tablespace is used to create schema objects. Tables, indexes, views, and clusters all are created within tablespaces.
Q Is using Enterprise Manger better than using SQL commands?
A Neither is better or worse. You should learn how to use both of them. I really like Enterprise Manager, but there are still lots of things I use Server Manager for.
The workshop provides quiz questions to help you solidify your understanding of the material covered and exercises to provide you with experience in using what you've learned. For answers to quiz questions, see Appendix A, "Answers."
2. How big can a tablespace be?
3. Is the size of a tablespace permanently fixed?
4. What states can a tablespace be in?
5. How many tablespaces can you have in a database?
6. Name the four types of segments.
2. Create a tablespace using the CREATE TABLESPACE command.
3. Take the tablespace offline.
4. Alter the tablespace to be read-only using Storage Manger and the ALTER TABLESPACE command.
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