The following typographical conventions are used in this book: -
- Italic
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Used to indicate new terms, URLs, filenames, file extensions, directories, commands and options, program names , and to highlight comments in examples. For example, a path in the filesystem will appear as /Applications/Utilities . -
- Constant Width
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Used to show the contents of files or the output from commands. -
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Constant Width Bold -
Used in examples and tables to show commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user . -
- Constant Width Italic
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Used in examples and tables to show text that should be replaced with user-supplied values. -
- Menus /Navigation
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Menus and their options are referred to in the text as File Open , Edit Copy, etc. Arrows will also be used to signify a navigation path when using window options; for example, System Preferences Desktop & Screen Saver Screen Saver means that you would launch System Preferences, click on the icon for the Desktop & Screen Saver preferences panel, and then select the Screen Saver pane within that panel. -
- Pathnames
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Pathnames are used to show the location of a file or application in the filesystem. Directories (or folders for Mac and Windows users) are separated by a forward slash. For example, if you see something like, "...launch the Terminal application ( /Applications/Utilities )" in the text, that means the Terminal application can be found in the Utilities subfolder of the Applications folder. -
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A carriage return ( ) at the end of a line of code is used to denote an unnatural line break; that is, you should not enter these as two lines of code, but as one continuous line. Multiple lines are used in these cases due to printing constraints. -
- $ , #
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The dollar sign ( $ ) is used in some examples to show the user prompt for the bash shell; the hash mark ( # ) is the prompt for the root user. -
- Menu Symbols
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When looking at the menus for any application, you will see some symbols associated with keyboard shortcuts for a particular command. For example, to open a document in Microsoft Word, you could go to the File menu and select Open (File Open), or you could issue the keyboard shortcut, z-O. Figure P-1 shows the symbols used in the various menus to denote a shortcut. Figure P-2. Keyboard accelerators for issuing commands. Rarely will you see the Control symbol used as a menu command option; it's more often used in association with mouse clicks or for working with the tcsh shell. | Indicates a tip, suggestion, or general note. | | | Indicates a warning or caution. | | |