41 - Genetic Disorders
Tierney, Lawrence M., McPhee, Stephen J., Papadakis, Maxine A.
Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment, 45th Edition
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A
A antigen, in compatibility testing 533
A cells, pancreatic 1178
a wave 314 315
AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) 1075 1085
A–a DO2 (alveolar-arterial oxygen difference)
in asthma 228
in COPD 238
in pulmonary embolism 281
AA protein See Amyloidosis
Abacavir 1337 1340 1343
with lamivudine 1340 1343
resistance to 1344
with zidovudine and lamivudine 1340 1343
ABCD See Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion
Abciximab See also Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors, drugs blocking
for acute coronary syndromes/myocardial infarction 353
Abdominal abscess/infection 1555
actinomycosis 1436
anaerobic 1435 1435
in Crohn's disease 623
in diverticulitis 632 633
Abdominal aortic aneurysms 446–448
Abdominal compartment syndrome, in burn patient 1597
Abdominal distention
in acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) 608
in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction/gastroparesis 609
malabsorption and 600
Abdominal pain/tenderness See also Dyspepsia
in acute angle-closure glaucoma 159
in acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) 608
in acute intestinal ischemia 459
in aortic aneurysm 447 449
in appendicitis 612 613
in ascites 558–559
in cholecystitis 686
in choledocholithiasis/cholangitis 688
in cholelithiasis/gallstones 685
in Crohn's disease 622–623
in diverticulitis 632
in ectopic pregnancy 770
in erosive/hemorrhagic gastritis/gastropathy 582
in familial Mediterranean fever 563
in irritable bowel syndrome 616
in pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma 700
in pancreatitis 694 698
in pelvic inflammatory disease 742
in peptic ulcer disease 587
penetration and 587 594
perforation and 587 593
in polyarteritis nodosa 845
in polycystic kidney disease 928
in porphyria 1703
in preeclampsia-eclampsia 771 772
in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 561 671
in ulcerative colitis 627
Abdominal paracentesis See Paracentesis
Abdominal x-rays, in poisoning/drug overdose 1615
Abelcet See Amphotericin B lipid complex
Abetalipoproteinemia, vitamin E deficiency and 1277
ABI/ABPI See Ankle-brachial index
Abilify See Aripiprazole
abl gene, in chronic myelogenous leukemia 504 1641
ABLC See Amphotericin B lipid complex
Abnormal illness behaviors 1047–1049
Abnormal movements See Movement disorders
ABO system
compatibility testing for transfusion and 533
hemolytic transfusion reactions and 533–534
transplantation and 802
Abortion
elective/induced 757–758
breast cancer during pregnancy and 726 782
gestational trophoblastic disease and 774
heart disease during pregnancy and 778
hypertension during pregnancy and 779
rubella infection and 1369
trophoblastic disease and 774
infection after, anaerobic 1435
IUD insertion after 755
recurrent (habitual) 769
spontaneous See Spontaneous abortion
Abortive poliomyelitis 1366
ABPA See Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis/aspergillosis
ABPI See Ankle-brachial index
Abraxane (nab-paclitaxel ABI-007) 1662 1674
Abruptio placentae, third-trimester bleeding caused by 774
Abscesses 138–139
in actinomycetoma 1547
anaerobic bacteria causing 1434 1435
in cervicofacial actinomycosis 1436
in dracunculiasis (guinea worm infection) 1520
in HIV infection/AIDS 1327–1328
Absence (petit mal) seizures 981 981 985
Absence (petit mal) status epilepticus 986
Absidia infection (mucormycosis) 1545
rhinocerebral 197
Absorption (digestion)
disorders of See Malabsorption
normal/phases of 600–601
Absorptive hypercalciuria 944 945
Abulia, stroke causing 991
Abuse
aggression/violence/impulse control disorders and 1081–1082
child See Child abuse
drug See Substance use disorders
elder 17 51 54 54 1094
partner/spousal (domestic violence) 1081 1082
prevention of 16–17
ABVD regimen, for Hodgkin's disease 514
AC regimen, for breast cancer 719
Acanthamoeba castelanii/culbertsoni (acanthamoeba infections) 1472 1473–1474
encephalitis/meningoencephalitis 1295 1473
keratitis 159 1473–1474
Acantholysis, in pemphigus 126
Acanthosis nigricans 1100 1201
cancer-related 1100 1696
insulin resistance and 1100 1201
Acarbose 1208 1211
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 381
in myocardial infarction 362
Accessory atrioventricular pathways, reentry caused by, in preexcitation syndromes 374
Accessory muscles of respiration 221
Accidental injury See Trauma
Accolate See Zafirlukast
Accommodation
aging affecting (presbyopia) 154
assessment of pupillary response to 152
refractive errors and 153
Accupril See Quinapril
Accutane See Isotretinoin
ACE See Angiotensin converting enzyme
ACE inhibitors See Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Acebutolol 431
breast feeding and 786
Acellular pertussis vaccine, with tetanus-diphtheria toxoid (DTaP vaccine) 1304 1305–1306 1409
Aceon See Perindopril
Acesulfame potassium, for diabetics 1206
Acetadote See Acetylcysteine
Acetaminophen 74 75
with codeine 78
laboratory reference range for 1735
for osteoarthritis 810
overdose/toxicity of 1611 1615–1616 1615 1616
hepatotoxicity/hepatic failure and 658 659 666 1616 1616
for pain management 74 75
Acetazolamide
for acute mountain sickness 1604
adverse ocular effects of 178
renal tubular acidosis caused by 889
Acetoacetate
in alcoholic ketoacidosis 888
in diabetic ketoacidosis 887 1229
laboratory reference range for 1735
Acetohexamide 1206 1207
Acetone, urine/blood levels of, in diabetic coma/ketoacidosis 888 1228 1228 1229
P.1746
Acetone breath odor, in diabetic ketoacidosis 1198 1228
Acetonitrile, cyanide formed by metabolism of 1623
Acetylcholine
aminoglycosides affecting 1035
in botulism 1035
in Huntington's disease 1011
in myasthenic (Lambert-Eaton) syndrome 1035
Acetylcholine receptor antibodies, in myasthenia gravis 1033 1034
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors See Anticholinesterases
Acetylcysteine
for acetaminophen overdose/toxicity 1611
hepatic failure and 658 1616
contrast media nephrotoxicity mediated by 903
Achalasia 579–580
chest pain in 579
differential diagnosis of 344
dysphagia in 564
Achilles tendon rupture, deep venous thrombosis differentiated from 471
Achlorhydria, in pernicious anemia 487 585
Achromycin See Tetracycline
Acid, caustic/corrosive 1617 1617
esophageal injury caused by 571–572
eye injury caused by 172 1611 1617
Acid-antisecretory agents See also Antacids; H2 receptor blocking drugs; Proton pump inhibitors
for dyspepsia 537
for peptic ulcer disease 588–589
bleeding control and 592
in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 553–554
Acid-base disorders 884–894 885 886
genetic 874
in hypothermia 1590 1591
mixed 885 886
alcoholic ketoacidosis and 888
in near drowning 1603
in renal failure 888 901 909
Acid-fast rods, treatment of infections caused by 1553–1554
Acid refluxate See Gastric acid refluxate
Acidosis See also Ketoacidosis
anion gap See Anion gap acidosis
dilutional 889
hyperchloremic 887–888
Hyperchloremic normal anion gap acidosis
hyperkalemia and 875
hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronemic 889 889 891 1165
in hypothermia 1590 1591
lactic 887 1228 1233
metabolic 886
in near drowning victim 1603
parenteral nutritional support and 887 890 1284
in poisoning/drug overdose 888
with methanol or ethylene glycol 1628
with salicylates 888 1634
posthypocapnic 890 894
in renal failure 888 901 909
renal tubular 888–889 889 891
respiratory 886 893
uremic 888
Aciduria, paradoxic, in saline-responsive metabolic alkalosis 891
Acinetobacter infections 1552
pneumonia 253–254 254
Acitretin
adverse ocular effects of 179
for psoriasis 99
Aclovate See Alclometasone
Acne 115–117
antibiotics for 88 116–117
folliculitis and 116
rosacea 115
steroid (steroid folliculitis) 115 118
testosterone replacement therapy and 1182
vulgaris 115–117
Acoustic nerve (cranial nerve VIII), lesions of See Eighth nerve lesions
Acoustic neuroma/neurinoma (vestibular schwannoma/eighth nerve tumors) 193–194 1000
hearing loss and 180 193 1000
in neurofibromatosis 1006
Acoustic trauma See Noise trauma
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) See HIV infection/AIDS
Acral lentiginous melanoma 94
Acrocyanosis 466
Acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans 1459 1461
Acromegaly 1110–1112
Acropachy, in hyperthyroidism 1137
ACTH See Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Actinic (ultraviolet) keratitis 172
Actinic keratoses 107
squamous cell carcinoma arising from 107 130
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, endocarditis caused by 1415
Actinomadura species, actinomycotic mycetoma caused by 1547
Actinomyces/Actinomyces israelii (actinomycosis) 1436 1553
Actinomycetoma 1547
Activated charcoal, for poisoning/drug overdose 1612
repeat-dose 1613
Activated partial thromboplastin time See Partial thromboplastin time
Activella See Estrogens, with progestins
Activities of daily living–instrumental activities of daily living (ADL–IADL), assessment of ability to perform, in elderly 50–52 51
Activity See Exercise/activity
Actos See Pioglitazone
Acuity, visual See Visual acuity
Acular See Ketorolac
Acupuncture 1722–1729 1724 1725–1726
adverse events associated with 1724 1724
clinical uses of 1723–1729 1725–1726
history of use of 1723
mechanism of action of 1723
training/licensure/regulation of 1723
Acute angle-closure glaucoma 151 159–160
inflammation/redness caused by 151 153 159
pupillary dilation precipitating 153 159 177
Acute coronary syndromes 352–355 353 354
pathophysiology of 342
revascularization procedures for 354 354
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP)
enterovirus 71 causing 1390–1391
poliomyelitis causing 1367
Acute interstitial pneumonitis (AIP) 277
Acute lymphoblastic/lymphocytic leukemia 508 509 1663
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia 508
Acute monoblastic leukemia 508
Acute mountain sickness 1604
Acute myeloblastic leukemia 508
Acute myelogenous leukemia 508 509 1663
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia 508 1663
Acute promyelocytic leukemia 508
Acute radiation syndrome 1600 1600–1601
Acute renal failure See Renal failure
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 309–311 310
acute gastric aspiration and 295
in burn injury 1598
in pancreatitis 696
in SARS 1385
smoke inhalation and 294
Acute respiratory failure 306–309 307
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN), varicella zoster virus causing 1356–1357
Acute tubular necrosis See Tubular necrosis
Acute undifferentiated leukemia 508
Acyclovir 1352 1586–1587
cost of 1561 1562
for herpes simplex infections 108–109 1290 1336 1351 1352 1353 1354 1586–1587
for herpes zoster 110 1336 1352 1586
prophylactic/suppressive 108 109 1290 1586
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
topical 1586–1587
for varicella 1357–1358 1586
ADA diet recommendations for diabetes 1205
Adalat See Nifedipine
Adalimumab 805
for Crohn's disease 626
for rheumatoid arthritis 831
ADAMTS13 (von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease) deficiency
in hemolytic-uremic syndrome 522
in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 521
Adapalene gel, for acne 116
Addiction (drug) See also Substance use disorders
concerns about, pain management in terminally ill/dying patient and 73
in opioid therapy 73 1087
Addison's disease 1164–1167
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 1166 1721 1721
HLA in 801
hypercalcemia and 1152 1166
hyperkalemia and 876 1164
hyperpigmentation in 143 1100 1165
hyponatremia and 869 1164
mental status changes and 1103 1165
Schmidt's syndrome and 1144 1165 1201
Adefovir
for hepatitis B 660 1352 1588
resistance to 1345
Adenitis See Lymphadenitis
Adenocarcinoma See specific type and Cancer
Adenolymphangitis, in filariasis 1522
Adenoma sebaceum 1006
Adenomas See specific type or structure or organ affected
P.1747
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene 635 637 1642
fecal DNA assay for 642
screening for 635 637 1643
Adenomatous polyps 614
colonoscopy in identification/treatment of 634
colorectal cancer and 633 635–637 637 638
familial 634–636
gastric 596
malignant 634
nonfamilial 633–635
of small intestine 610 614
Adenomyomatosis, biliary tract 685
Adenomyosis 737
Adenopathy See Lymphadenopathy
Adenosine, for arrhythmias 371
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 373
Adenosine triphosphatase, copper-transporting (ATP7B), in Wilson's disease 677
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe/SAM) 1719–1721 1720
in Pneumocystis pneumonia 1541
Adenovirus infections 1386–1387
conjunctivitis/keratoconjunctivitis 156 1386
gastroenteritis 1299 1387
Adequate intake (AI) 1253
ADH See Antidiuretic hormone
Adhesion molecules, autoantibodies to, in pemphigus 125
ADHH See Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria
Adipokines
insulin action in obesity and 1196
thiazolidinediones affecting release of 1210
Adiponectin
insulin action in obesity and 1098 1196
thiazolidinediones affecting release of 1210
Adipose tissue (body fat) See also Obesity
distribution of in obesity 1267
in diabetics 1196 1198 1267
evaluation of 1263
Adjustment disorders 1041–1043
with depressed mood 1066
posthospital 1096
Adjuvant chemotherapy 1661 1679–1680
for bladder cancer 968
for breast cancer 719 720 1679
for colorectal cancer 640 1679
for esophageal cancer 579
for lung cancer 271
Adjuvant pain medications/treatments 80
ADL–IADL See Activities of daily living–instrumental activities of daily living
Adnexal masses See Ovarian tumors
ADPKD1/ADPKD2 genes 928
Adrenal cortex 1162–1174
in HIV infection/AIDS 1327
hyperplasia of
amenorrhea and 1183
congenital 1165
Cushing's syndrome caused by 1167
hyperaldosteronism caused by 1172 1173
hypoplasia of, congenital 1165
hypogonadism and 1104
physiology of 1162–1163
tumors of See Adrenal tumors
Adrenal crisis (acute adrenal insufficiency) 1163–1164
Adrenal hemorrhage, in Addison's disease 1165
Adrenal insufficiency See Adrenocortical insufficiency
Adrenal medulla
diseases of 1174–1178
transplantation of for parkinsonism 1010
Adrenal tumors
cortical
aldosterone-secreting 1172 1173
cancer
chemotherapy for 1665
hirsutism/virilization caused by 1171
paraneoplastic syndromes associated with 1696–1697
cortisol-secreting, Cushing's syndrome caused by 1167 1168 1169
medullary See Pheochromocytoma
in multiple endocrine neoplasia 1150 1191
Adrenalectomy/medical adrenalectomy
for breast cancer 722
in male 727
for congenital adrenal hyperplasia 1171
for Conn's syndrome 1173
for Cushing's syndrome 1169
hyperpigmentation after 1100
Adrenergic drugs See Alpha-adrenergic agonists; Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs; Beta-adrenergic agonists; Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs
Adrenocortical insufficiency 1105 1106
acute (adrenal crisis) 1163–1164
chronic 1164–1167
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 1721 1721
in HIV infection/AIDS 1327
hypercalcemia and 1152
hyperkalemia and 876 1163
hyponatremia and 869 1163
perioperative glucocorticoid replacement and 46
Adrenocorticosteroids See Corticosteroids
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
deficiency of 1105
hyponatremia caused by 869
ectopic/hypersecretion of 1167 1168–1169 1178 1191
hyperpigmentation caused by 1100
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 1735
plasma levels of
in acute adrenal insufficiency 1163
in Addison's disease 1166
in Cushing's syndrome 1168
Adrenoleukodystrophy 1165 1166 1167
Adriamycin See Doxorubicin
Adson test 467 1031
Adult respiratory distress syndrome See Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Adult Still's disease 833
Adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATL) 1375
Advair Diskus See Fluticasone, for asthma, with salmeterol
Advance directives 70
Adventitial disease, popliteal 456
Adventitious breath sounds 221
Advexin 1701
Advil See Ibuprofen
Adynamic bone disease 911
Adynamic (paralytic) ileus 607–608
vincristine therapy and 1684
Aedes mosquitoes See Mosquitoes
Aeroallergens
in allergic rhinitis 788
in asthma 226–227
avoidance therapy for allergies caused by 788–789
AeroBid See Flunisolide
Aerodigestive tract See also specific structure
foreign bodies in 214
Aerophagia 544
Affect
assessment of in mental status exam 1038
in schizophrenia/psychotic disorders 1057
Afibrinogenemia 528
AFP See Acute flaccid paralysis; Alpha-fetoprotein
African trypanosomiasis 1463–1465
Age/aging 49–66
accommodative loss and (presbyopia) 154
atrial fibrillation and 374–375 375
benign prostatic hyperplasia and 955
burn injury survival and 1596
as cancer risk factor 1639
cellular, cancer etiology and 1641
colorectal cancer and 637
fever/FUO and 1286
gynecomastia and 1100
hearing loss and (presbyacusis) 51 52 180 187–188
kidneys and 930
maternal
Down's syndrome and 1705
mutations and 1705
prenatal testing/genetic counseling and 764 765
paternal, mutations and 1705
postoperative delirium and 44 44
prostate cancer and 962
psychologic disorders and 1094
renal disorders and 930
sleep changes and 1078
weight loss and 28 64
Age-related macular degeneration 164–165
Age-related maculopathy 164
Agenerase See Amprenavir
Agglutination assays 800
Agglutinins, febrile 1287
Aggression 1081–1082
alcohol use/abuse and 1081 1083
anabolic steroid use and 1090
in cognitive disorders, management of 1093
phencyclidine use/abuse and 1058 1081 1088
Aggrestat See Tirofiban
Aging See Age/aging
Agitation, in terminally ill/dying patient 81
Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (myelofibrosis) 500 503–504
Agnosia, intracranial mass lesions causing 1001
Agoraphobia 1044
panic disorder and 1043
Agouti-related peptide, in obesity 1098
Agranulocytosis See also Neutropenia
drug-induced 498–499 499
clozapine causing 1060 1063
mirtazapine causing 1071
thiourea therapy causing 1139
AI (adequate intake) 1253
AIDS See HIV infection/AIDS
AIDS dementia complex (HIV-associated cognitive/motor complex) 1092 1324
AIDS wasting syndrome 1321–1322
AIP See Acute interstitial pneumonitis
P.1748
Air bronchogram, in ARDS 310
Air embolism, underwater diving/air travel and 1603
Air travel
auditory tube dysfunction/otic barotrauma and 183 184
contraindications to 1606
decompression/dysbaric illness and 1603
medical effects/selection of patients for 1605–1606 1606
during pregnancy 767 1606
retinal detachment and 164
Airway disorders 225–247
allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis 244
asthma 226–238
occupational 227 297
bronchiectasis 243–244
bronchiolitis 246–247
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 238–243
cystic fibrosis 244–246
lower airway 225–226
obstruction
in anaphylaxis 792
in deep neck infections 207
in diphtheria 1413 1414
dyspnea and 23 23 218
by food (caf coronary) 294
foreign body causing 214
of lower airways 225–226
occupational disorders and 297
during sleep (obstructive sleep apnea) 305–306
tracheotomy and cricothyrotomy for 213–214
of upper airways 225
respiratory failure caused by 307
thermal injury, smoke inhalation and 293 1596
upper airway 225
Airway management See also Intubation
burn injury and 1596
for coma 1607 1608 1608
tracheotomy and cricothyrotomy in 213–214
Akathisia, antipsychotic drugs causing 1013 1063–1064
Akinesia, in Huntington's disease 1011
Akinetic mutism (persistent vegetative state) 1019
Akineton See Biperiden
AL protein See Amyloidosis
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
in alcoholic liver disease 664
in biliary pancreatitis 694
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 651 1735
in liver disease/jaundice 650 651
in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 667
in preeclampsia-eclampsia 772
in viral hepatitis 656
Al-Anon 1085
Albendazole
for ascariasis 1518–1519
for cysticercosis 1512
for enterobiasis/pinworm infection 1521 1522
for filariasis 1523 1523–1524
for giardiasis 1480
for hookworm disease 1526
for hydatid disease 1514 1514–1515
for loiasis 1527
for strongyloidiasis 1531
for trichuriasis/whipworm 1534
Albinism 143 143–144
Albumin
ascitic fluid 560
serum levels of
calcium levels and 877 1146
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 1735
in liver disease/jaundice 651
in nephrotic syndrome 920
in protein-calorie undernutrition 1263
in protein-losing enteropathy 614
therapeutic administration of
in cirrhosis 671
in peritonitis 562
urinary See Albuminuria
Albuminuria 934
in diabetes/diabetic nephropathy 923 1222
Albuterol
for asthma 233 234 235
for hyperkalemia 876 877
Alcoholic (organic) hallucinosis 1084 1085–1086 1092
Alclometasone 87
Alcohol addiction 1083
Alcohol use/dependency/abuse (alcoholism) 1083–1086
acupuncture for 1729
acute intoxication/poisoning 1083–1084
osmolar gap and 872 1614 1614
aggressive/violent behavior and 1081 1083
amnestic syndrome and 1092
anxiety self-treatment and 1046
atrial fibrillation and 375
breast cancer and 1648
breast feeding and 786
in cardiomyopathy 401 402
cirrhosis and 664 668
hepatocellular carcinoma and 682 683
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for 1719 1721
complications associated with 1084
delirium caused by 1084 1091 1093
depression and 1067 1075 1083
differential diagnosis of 1084
drowning accidents and 1602
esophageal cancer and 577
fatty liver and 663–665
gastritis and 583
genetic factors and 1083
hyperosmolality caused by 872
hypertension and 421 422 426
hypertriglyceridemia and 1243 1244 1252
hypoglycemia associated with 1234 1234 1238
hypophosphatemia and 881
ketoacidosis and 888
laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 211
lipid abnormalities associated with 1243 1244
liver disease associated with 663–665
Mallory-Weiss syndrome and 552 572
neuropathy associated with 1025
oral cancer and 202
in pancreatitis 693 697
in panic disorder 1043
porphyria cutanea tarda and 112
pregnancy and 764–765 1084
preventable deaths caused by 2
prevention of/screening tests for 17 18 19 1083
psychotic behavior associated with (alcoholic hallucinosis) 1084 1085–1086 1092
sleep disorders and 1079
thiamin deficiency in 1084 1103 1272
Wernicke's encephalopathy/Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and 1017 1084 1092 1103
withdrawal and 1084 1086
delirium caused by 1084 1093
differential diagnosis of 1084
seizures caused by 980 985–986 1084
Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) 17 18
Alcoholic brain syndromes, chronic 1084 1086
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 401 402
Alcoholic hepatitis 663–665
Alcoholic hyaline (Mallory bodies/hyalin) 667
Alcoholic ketoacidosis 888
Alcoholics Anonymous 1075 1085
Aldactazide See Spironolactone, for hypertension, with hydrochlorothiazide
Aldactone See Spironolactone
Aldesleukin See also Interleukin-2 for cancer chemotherapy 1674
Aldicarb poisoning 1631–1632
Aldolase, in polymyositis/dermatomyositis 841
Aldomet See Methyldopa
Aldosterone 1162–1163
drugs blocking receptors for, for hypertension 429
regimen for use of 440
potassium balance/hypokalemia and 873 874
serum/urine levels of
laboratory reference range for 1735
in primary hyperaldosteronism 1173
Aldosteronism See Hyperaldosteronism
Aldosteronoma 1172 1173
Aldrin, poisoning caused by 1622
Alemtuzumab 1667 1676
Alendronate See also Bisphosphonates
adverse ocular effects of 179
for osteoporosis prevention/management 1157
for Paget's disease of bone 1162
Aleukemic leukemia 508
Aleve See Naproxen
Alfacon-1 See also Interferon-a
for SARS 1386
Alfieri procedure, for mitral valve prolapse 331
Alfuzosin, for benign prostatic hyperplasia 959
Alimentary hypoglycemia 1234 1234
functional 1234 1238
postgastrectomy 1234 1234 1238
Alimentary tract 536–648
Alimta See Pemetrexed
Alkali administration See Bicarbonate
Alkalies, caustic/corrosive 1617–1618 1617
esophageal injury caused by 571–572 1617–1618
eye injury caused by 172 1611 1618
Alkaline phosphatase
in alcoholic hepatitis 664
in choledocholithiasis/cholangitis 689
in cirrhosis 669
in fatty liver of pregnancy 779
in hepatocellular carcinoma 682
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 651 1735
leukocyte, laboratory reference range for 1740
in liver disease/jaundice 650 651
P.1749
in osteomalacia 1160
in Paget's disease of bone 1161
Alkalinization, urine See Urine, alkalinization of
Alkalosis
contraction 892
leg cramps and 1102
metabolic 886 891–893 892
mixed 885
posthypercapnia 892 893
respiratory 886 893–894 894
salicylate overdose/toxicity causing 1634
saline-responsive 891–892 892 893
saline-unresponsive 892 892 893
Alkaptonuria 1704
Alkylating agents 1672
secondary malignancies and 1644–1645
ALL See Acute lymphoblastic/lymphocytic leukemia
Allen test
in Raynaud's disease/phenomenon 465
in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) 462
Allergen immunotherapy See Immunotherapy
Allergens
asthma caused by 226–227 788
avoidance of
for allergic contact dermatitis 114
for allergic rhinitis 198
skin testing for, drug allergies and 793 1315–1316
Allergic alveolitis, extrinsic (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) 296–297 296
Allergic angiitis and granulomatosis (Churg-Strauss syndrome) 292
leukotriene modifiers for asthma and 234
renal involvement in 916 918
Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis/aspergillosis 244 1544
Allergic conjunctivitis 157
Allergic contact dermatitis 91 113–115
impetigo differentiated from 113 114
urticarial lesions in 121–122
Allergic eye disease 157
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) 197–198 788–791
conjunctivitis and 157
nasal polyps and 197 200
Allergic vasculitis, drugs causing 147 793
Allergies/allergic reactions 788–795
anaphylactic 791–792
angioedema and 121
asthma and 226–227 788
avoidance therapy for 788–789
drug therapy for 789–790 789
to drugs and foods 792–794 1315–1316
in HIV infection/AIDS 1320
immune complex disease 794–795
immunotherapy for 789 790–791
to insect stings, venom immunotherapy and 792
to insulin 1220–1221
pseudoallergic (anaphylactoid) 791 795
to schistosomes (acute schistosomiasis/Katayama fever) 1502
urticaria caused by 121–122
Allgrove's (triple A) syndrome 1165 1167
Allicin 1712 1714
Allium sativum (garlic) 1712 1714–1715
Allogeneic melanoma cell lysate vaccine 1700
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation 802 1661
Alloimmunization, platelet transfusion and 534–535
Allopurinol
drug interactions of 813–814
azathioprine dosage adjustments and 814 1691
for hyperuricemia/gout 812–813
in cancer patients 1677 1691 1692
Almonds (bitter), odor of in cyanide poisoning 1623
Alocril See Nedocromil
Alomide See Lodoxamide
Alopecia 144–145
androgenetic/androgenic (pattern) 144
in women 144 1170 1172
areata 144–145
drug-induced 145 148
totalis 144
universalis 144
Alora See Estradiol transdermal systems
Alosetron, for irritable bowel syndrome 618
Alpha-adrenergic agonists
for allergies 789
for glaucoma/intraocular hypertension 161
for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 373
perioperative administration of 37–38 38
Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs
for benign prostatic hyperplasia 958 959
for hypertension 437 438
Alpha2-antiplasmin, in coagulopathy of liver disease 529
Alpha1-antiprotease/antitrypsin
in COPD/emphysema 240
replacement therapy and 242
laboratory reference range for 1736
in protein-losing enteropathy 614
Alpha (α) chain disease 798
Alpha-fetoprotein
in cancer screening 1687
in hepatocellular carcinoma 682 683
laboratory reference range for 1738
prenatal testing for 765 1705
response to chemotherapy evaluated by 1686
testicular tumors producing 972 1182
Alpha-globin gene 484 484
in alpha thalassemia syndromes 484 484
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, for diabetes mellitus 1208 1211
Alpha interferon See Interferon-a
Alpha- (α) linolenic acid, dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for 1257
Alpha- (α) melanocortin receptors, in obesity 1098
Alpha- (α) melanocyte-stimulating hormone, in obesity 1098
5-Alpha-reductase, deficiency of 1171
5-Alpha-reductase inhibitors See Finasteride
Alpha thalassemia syndromes 484–486 484
sickle cell disease and 494 494
Alpha thalassemia trait 485 486
Alpha-tocopherol 1277
Alphagan See Brimonidine
αMSH See Alpha- (α) melanocyte-stimulating hormone
ALPL gene, in hypophosphatasia 1160
Alprazolam 1044–1045 1045
breast feeding and 786
Alprostadil, for erectile dysfunction 952 1224
ALT See Alanine aminotransferase
Altace See Ramipril
Alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator/t-PA) See also Thrombolytic therapy
for arterial thrombosis 462
for deep venous thrombosis 472
for myocardial infarction 358 359
Altered mental status See Mental status, altered
Alternaria, phaeohyphomycosis caused by 1550
Alternative medicine See Complementary/alternative medicine
Altitude
decompression/dysbaric illness and 1603
PO2 affected by 224 224
Altitude illness 1604–1605
Aluminum preparations
nutrients affected by 1260
osteomalacia caused by 911 1160
Alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A–a DO2)
in asthma 228
in COPD 238
in hepatopulmonary syndrome 673
in pulmonary embolism 281
Alveolar hemorrhage syndromes 293
Alveolar (multilocular) hydatid disease 1513 1515
Alveolar hypoventilation
central 305
obesity and (Pickwickian syndrome) 305
primary (Ondine's curse) 304–305
Alveolar proteinosis 279–280
Alveolar volume, ratio of to diffusing capacity (DLCO/VA) 223
Alveolitis 275
cryptogenic fibrosing (idiopathic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia) 276–278 277–278
extrinsic allergic (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) 296–297 296
Alzheimer's Association 57
Alzheimer's disease 55–58 1092
clinical features of 56 1092
estrogen replacement therapy and 761 1187
hypertension and 425
seizures in 980
treatment of 57–58 1093
ginkgo in 57 1712 1715
Amanita mushroom poisoning 1629 1630 1630
Amanitin toxin (amatoxin), poisoning with mushrooms containing 1629 1630 1630
Amantadine 1352 1586
for influenza treatment/prevention 1352 1384 1586
for parkinsonism 1008
Amaryl See Glimepiride
Amatoxin (amanitin toxin), poisoning with mushrooms containing 1629 1630 1630
Amaurosis fugax 166 991
Ambien See Zolpidem
AmBisome See Liposomal amphotericin B
Amblyomma americanus, ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis transmitted by 1397
Ambulation, postoperative, in venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism prevention 286 471
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 419
Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring
in angina 346
in arrhythmia evaluation 367
seizures and 983
in syncope evaluation 385
P.1750
Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring 565
in chronic aspiration of gastric contents 294
in gastroesophageal/laryngopharyngeal reflux 210 565 566
Ambulatory restraints, for aggressive/violent patient 1082
Amcinonide 87
Amebas, pathogenic free-living 1472–1474
meningoencephalitis caused by 1295
Amebiasis (entamoeba infection) 1467–1472 1471
extraintestinal 1468–1472 1471
hepatic (amebic liver abscess) 1468–1472 1471
intestinal 545 546 549 550 1299 1467–1472 1471
Amebic encephalitis/meningoencephalitis 1295 1473
Amebic liver abscess (hepatic amebiasis) 1468–1472 1471
Amebic ulcers 1468
Amebicides 1470–1472 1471
adverse reactions to 1472
ocular 179
Ameboma 1468 1471
Amelanotic (nonpigmented) melanoma 94
Amen See Progestins
Amenorrhea 1183–1190
in anorexia nervosa 1270
breast feeding and 784
in hyperprolactinemia 1114 1184 1185
in persistent anovulation (polycystic ovary syndrome) 746 1184
pregnancy causing 1183 1184 1185
primary 1183–1184
secondary 1184–1189
American Diabetes Association diet recommendations 1205
American ginseng 1717
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) 1465–1467
achalasia in 580
myocarditis in 399 1466
AMG 073 See Cinacalcet
Amicar See e-Aminocaproic acid
Amifostine
for chemotherapy-induced toxicity 1677
cisplatin therapy and 1685
for radiation therapy-induced toxicity 1683
Amikacin 1572 1572 1574
cost of 1561
monitoring concentrations of 1574 1733
therapy adjustments in renal failure and 1572 1573
Amikin See Amikacin
Amiloride
hyperkalemia caused by 876
for hypertension 429
with hydrochlorothiazide 430
lithium interactions and 1077
Amino acids, essential 1253–1257
p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA), sulfonamide mechanism of action and 1575
ε-Aminocaproic acid (EACA)
for disseminated intravascular coagulation 531
hyperkalemia caused by 875
for intracranial aneurysm 997
for von Willebrand's disease 524
Aminoglutethimide, for prostate cancer 966
Aminoglycosides 1572–1574 1572
monitoring serum levels of 1573
nephrotoxicity/renal failure caused by 903 1573
neuromuscular transmission affected by 1035
ototoxicity of 1573
resistance to 1572
therapy adjustments in renal failure and 1572 1572 1573
Aminophylline
for asthma 236
lithium interactions and 1077
for lithium overdose/toxicity 1076
Aminoquinolines, for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1488
Aminosalicylic acid
for inflammatory bowel disease 620–621
Crohn's disease 620–621 625
ulcerative colitis 620–621 628 629
nutrients affected by 1260
Aminosidine See Paromomycin
Aminotransferase levels See also Alanine aminotransferase; Aspartate aminotransferase
in cholecystitis 686
in choledocholithiasis/cholangitis 689
in chronic hepatitis 657
in shock liver (ischemic hepatopathy) 680
Amiodarone
adverse ocular effects of 178
for arrhythmias 370 377 379
breast feeding and 786
epididymitis and 943
hyperthyroidism caused by 1136 1137
hypothyroidism caused by 1131 1133 1136
postinfarction 365
Amitriptyline 1072
for migraine prophylaxis 976
monitoring concentrations of 1733
for neuropathic pain/painful diabetic neuropathy 79 1223
AML See Acute myelogenous leukemia
Amlodipine See also Calcium channel blocking drugs
for cardiac failure 395
for hypertension 435 436 439
overdose/toxicity of 1621
Ammonia
in hepatic encephalopathy 672
laboratory reference range for 1735
Amnesia
in delirium 1092
dissociative 1044
Amnestic syndrome 1092
Amoxapine 1071 1072
Amoxicillin/amoxicillin-clavulanate 1563 1564
for anthrax prophylaxis/treatment 1412 1412
cost of 1562
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1418
for Lyme disease 1461 1461
toxicity of 1565
“AMP” 1088
Amphetamines
adverse ocular effects of 178
for obesity 1269
overdose/abuse of 1088–1089 1618
psychotic behavior caused by 1058
Amphotec See Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion
Amphotericin B 1548 1582–1583
for candidiasis 1537 1582
for coccidioidomycosis 1540
for cryptococcal meningitis 1335 1543 1582
for histoplasmosis 1538–1539
for leishmaniasis 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1583
lipoprotein/lipid-based preparations of 1548 1550 1583
for mucormycosis 197 1545
nephrotoxicity/renal failure caused by 903 1550 1583
nutrients affected by 1260
prophylactic 1582
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558 1582 1583
Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion 1583
Amphotericin B lipid complex 1548 1583
Ampicillin 1563 1564
allopurinol interactions and 813–814
cost of 1561 1562
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1418 1418 1419
rash caused by 1565
in mononucleosis 1358
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
for urinary tract infection 939
Ampicillin-sulbactam 1564
cost of 1561
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
Amprenavir 1338 1341 1343
Ampullary adenoma 610
Ampullary carcinoma 610 700
Amputation
in arterial embolism 461
in arterial thrombosis 462
for frostbite 1592
Amrinone, for infarct-associated left heart failure 363
AMS See Acute mountain sickness
Amsler charts, for visual field testing 152
Amsterdam criteria, in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 636
Amyl nitrite
abuse of 1090
for cyanide poisoning 1623 1623
heart murmurs affected by 329
Amylase
in pancreatic enzyme supplements 699
serum levels of
laboratory reference range for 1735
in pancreatitis 694 698
Amyloidosis 797–799 922–923
cancer-related 1697
cardiomyopathy and 404
familial Mediterranean fever and 563
myeloma and 515
neuropathies in 1025
renal 922–923
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1022 1023
dementia and 56 1022
Amyotrophy
diabetic 1025 1223
neuralgic (idiopathic brachial plexus neuropathy) 1031
ANA See Antinuclear antibody
Anabolic steroids
abuse of 1090
gynecomastia and 1100
for AIDS wasting 1322
Anaerobic infections 1434–1436 1435
pneumonia 248 252 254 255 255–256 1434
Anafranil See Clomipramine
Anakinra 805 832
P.1751
Anal cancer 648
in HIV infection/AIDS 648 1329
HPV infection and 1644
Anal fissures 647
bleeding from 555 647
in Crohn's disease 623 624
Anal gonorrhea 645 1431 1432
Anal sphincter, disorders of, fecal incontinence and 646–647
Anal syphilis 645 1448
Analgesia/analgesics See also specific type or disorder and Pain management
acupuncture and 1723 1724–1728 1725 1726
breast feeding and 785
caffeine-containing 1089
for chronic pain disorders 1051
in elderly 65
nutrients affected by 1260
tubulointerstitial disease caused by 926 927
ureter and renal pelvic cancer and 969
Analgesic nephropathy 926 927
Anaphylactic transfusion reactions 534
Anaphylactoid (Henoch-Sch nlein) purpura 850 917–918 917
Anaphylactoid (pseudoallergic) reactions 791 795
Anaphylaxis 791–792
desensitization/immunotherapy therapy and 792 1316
insect stings causing, venom immunotherapy and 792
penicillin allergy causing 1316 1564–1565 1565
Anaplasma (anaplasmosis) 1396–1397
equi 1392
phagocytophilum 1392 1397
Anaprox See Naproxen
Anasarca 559
Anastrozole 719 721 722–723 1670 1673
ANCA See Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Ancef See Cefazolin
Ancobon See Flucytosine
Ancylostoma
braziliense 1519
caninum 1519 1526
duodenale 1525 1526
Androderm See Testosterone transdermal systems
Androgel See Testosterone transdermal systems
Androgen deprivation, for prostate cancer 965 966 966
Androgen insensitivity/resistance
male hypogonadism caused by 1180
pseudohermaphroditism/amenorrhea in 1183
Androgenetic (androgenic/pattern) baldness 144
in women 144 1170 1172
Androgens See also Antiandrogens; Testosterone
adrenal 1163
in benign prostatic hyperplasia 955
for cancer chemotherapy 1673
deficiency of
male sexual dysfunction and 951 1180
in women, replacement and 1188–1189
excess of See Hyperandrogenism
Androstanediol glucuronide 1170
Androstenedione 1170
adrenal 1163
in hirsutism/virilization 1170 1171
Anemias 481–498
of chronic disease 483–484
in histoplasmosis 1538
in cirrhosis 669 672
classification of 481 482
in colorectal cancer 638
fish tapeworm infection and 487 1509
in hairy cell leukemia 512
hemolytic See Hemolytic anemias/hemolysis
in hookworm disease 1525
in hypophosphatemia 881 882
macrocytic 481 482
malabsorption and 600
microangiopathic 490 497 521
microcytic 481 482 483
in myelodysplasia 506 507
in myelofibrosis 503
in myeloma 515
during pregnancy 775
preoperative evaluation/management of patient with 43
refractory 506
in renal failure 896 901 910
in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 521
in Waldenstr m's macroglobulinemia 517
Anergy, in skin test panel
measles causing 1363
negative tuberculin skin test and 259
in sarcoidosis 279
Anesthesia/anesthetics
physiologic effects of 35
liver function and 42
surgery in cardiac patient and 414 415
Aneurysms 446–452
atherosclerosis and 446
back pain caused by 447 449 817
Angel dust 1088
Angiitis
allergic, granulomatosis and See Allergic angiitis and granulomatosis
primary, of central nervous system 851
Angina
Ludwig's 207
pectoris 343–349
alteration in before myocardial infarction 355–356
in aortic regurgitation 335
in aortic stenosis 333
apathetic hyperthyroidism and 1138 1142
cardiac failure and 387 389 395–396
chest pain in 312 343
coronary vasospasm and 347
evaluation of 344–347
clinical findings 343–344
in preoperative risk assessment 36 36–37 37
jaw pain and 343 979
pathophysiology of 342
postinfarction 361
Prinzmetal's (variant) 347
prognosis for 349 349
in pulmonary embolism 282
revascularization procedures for 349–352
risk reduction and 349
surgery in patients with 415
treatment of
for acute attack 348
for prevention of additional attacks 348–349
unstable See Acute coronary syndromes; Unstable angina
Angiodysplasias (vascular ectasias), gastrointestinal bleeding and 552 554–555
Angioedema 121–122 791–792
ACE inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy and 121 433
Angiofibroma
juvenile 200–201
in multiple endocrine neoplasia 1150 1191
Angiogenesis inhibitors, in cancer treatment 1699
Angiography/arteriography See also specific disorder
cardiac/coronary 317–318 346–347
postinfarction 365
cerebral See Cerebral angiography/arteriography; Neuroimaging
in gastrointestinal bleeding 556
interventional See also Embolization
for gastrointestinal bleeding 556
left ventricular 347
magnetic resonance See Magnetic resonance angiography
in polyarteritis nodosa 845
pulmonary, in pulmonary embolism 283–284
radionuclide
in angina 345
in cardiac failure 390
in myocardial infarction 357
renal 900
in renal artery stenosis/renal vascular hypertension 460 914
spiral CT See Spiral (helical) CT
in Takayasu arteritis (pulseless disease) 463
Angiomas/angiomatosis
bacillary 1328 1433 1434
in Sturge-Weber syndrome 1006
Angiomyolipomas, of kidney 970
Angioplasty See also Endovascular surgery/prostheses
carotid 457
percutaneous transluminal coronary See Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
for renal artery stenosis 460 914
Angiosarcoma 476
Angiostatin 1699
Angiostrongylus (angiostrongyliasis) 1516–1517
cantonensis (eosinophilic meningoencephalitis) 1516–1517
costaricensis (eosinophilic ileocolitis) 1517
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
in hypertension 422
laboratory reference range for 1736
in sarcoidosis 279
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
for acute coronary syndromes 353
anaphylaxis in patient taking 792
angioedema/urticaria and 121 433
for aortic regurgitation 335
for cardiac failure 391–392
infarct-associated 365–366
renal failure and 910
cough and 219 433
for heart disease prevention 341–342
hyperkalemia caused by 876
for hypertension 433 434
in combination products 439
contraindications to in pregnancy 417 779
in diabetics 425 433 440 440 923 1203–1205 1205 1222 1225
regimen for use of 437–439 440
renal artery stenosis and 423
hyponatremia caused by idiosyncratic reaction to 869
P.1752
lithium interactions and 1077 1077
for myocardial infarction 353 360 365–366
prerenal azotemia caused by 901
for proteinuria 897
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents
angioedema/urticaria and 121
for cardiac failure 392
infarct-related 365–366
renal failure and 910
hyperkalemia caused by 876
for hypertension 433–435 434–435
in combination products 439
contraindications to in pregnancy 417
in diabetics 433 435 440 440 923 1205
regimen for use of 437–439 440
for myocardial infarction 360
for proteinuria 897
Angle closure, pupillary dilation and 153 159 177
Angle-closure glaucoma See Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Angular cheilitis, in HIV infection/AIDS 1326
Anhedonia 1066
Anidulofungin 1585
Animal bites 1296–1297
local treatment of 1296 1370
poisonous snake 1611 1635–1636
rabies and 1297 1369 1370
Animal danders, avoidance therapy for allergies caused by 788
Anion gap 886 886
decreased 886 887
in poisoning/drug overdose 888 1614
reference range (normal values) for 886
in renal tubular acidosis 889 889
urinary, in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis 889 890
Anion gap acidosis See also Anion gap
alcoholic ketoacidosis and 888
diabetic ketoacidosis and 887–888
increased 886 887–888 890–891
lactic acidosis and 887
normal 886 889
with osmolar gap 872 1614
in poisoning/drug overdose 888 1614
with methanol or ethylene glycol 888 1628
with salicylates 888
in renal failure 888 901
Anisakiasis (Anisakis marina) 1515–1516
gastritis caused by 585 1516
Anisocoria, physiologic 152
Ankle-brachial index (ABI/ABPI), in venous insufficiency/lower extremity occlusive disease 25–26 142 453
Ankle sprains 826
Ankylosing hyperostosis 853
Ankylosing spondylitis 852–853
back pain caused by 817 818 852
HLA in 801 851 852
Ankylosis, in rheumatoid arthritis 827
Annuloplasty, for tricuspid regurgitation 337
Anogenital pruritus 133–134 648
in enterobiasis/pinworm infection 1521
Anogenital warts See Venereal (genital) warts
Anopheles mosquitoes See Mosquitoes
Anorectal disorders 643–648
bleeding in 554 555
chlamydial 645
constipation and 542
in Crohn's disease 623 624
gonococcal 645 1431 1432
in herpes simplex infection 645
infections 645–646
in lymphogranuloma venereum 645 1440–1441
in syphilis 645 1448
venereal warts 128 645–646
Anorexia
in HIV infection/AIDS 1321–1322
nervosa 1270–1271
bulimia and (bulimarexia) 1271–1272
unintended weight loss and 1099–1100 1270–1271
Anorgasmia See Orgasm, loss of
Anoscopy, in gastrointestinal bleeding 555
Anosmia, in frontal lobe lesions 1001
Anosognosia, intracranial mass lesions causing 1001
Anovulation
dysfunctional uterine bleeding and 728 729
infertility and, ovulation induction and 749–750
persistent See Polycystic ovary syndrome
Ansaid See Flurbiprofen
Anserine bursitis 825
Antacids See also Acid-antisecretory agents
antidepressant drug interactions and 1074
benzodiazepine interactions and 1046
diarrhea caused by 549
for gastroesophageal reflux disease 568
nutrients affected by 1260
for peptic ulcer disease 589
Anterior chest wall syndrome 344
Anterior communicating artery, in stroke 991
Anterior drawer sign, in ankle sprain 826
Anterior interosseous syndrome 1028
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy 169
in giant cell arteritis 169 846
Anterior segment examination 153
Anterior talofibular ligament, ankle sprains involving 826
Anterior uveitis 162
Anthracenediones, secondary malignancies and 1644–1645
Anthracyclines
for breast cancer 720
cardiomyopathy caused by 1685
Anthrax 1411–1413 1412 1553
Anthrax vaccine 1413
Anthropometric measurements 1263
Antiandrogens
for cancer chemotherapy 1670 1673
for prostate cancer 965 966 966
for hirsutism/virilization 1171–1172
pregnancy and 1172
Antianginal drugs 348–349
preoperative 37–38 38
Antiangiogenesis agents, in cancer treatment 1699
Antianxiety drugs 1044–1047 1045 1046
breast feeding and 786
Antiarrhythmic drugs 368–371 369–371
for arrhythmias in poisoning/drug overdose 1609
in cardiac failure 395
for infarct-associated arrhythmias 361
overdose/toxicity of 368–371 1634
prophylactic, in myocardial infarction 361
Anti-B23 antibodies, in scleroderma 839
Antibacterial agents 1577–1578
Antibiotic-associated (Clostridium difficile)
colitis/diarrhea 545 546 618–620 1300 1302
Antibiotic cycling, for prevention of drug resistance 1292
Antibiotics See also specific type or disorder and
Antimicrobial therapy
for acne 88 116–117
adverse reactions/toxicity and 1560
ocular 179
allergy to 791
testing for 793
for asthma 236
for bacterial overgrowth 605
for bite wounds 1296–1297
for brain abscess 1004 1555
for bronchiectasis 244
Clostridium difficile colitis/diarrhea and 545 546 618–620 1300 1302
for COPD 241–242
cost of 1560 1561–1562
for Crohn's disease 625
for cystic fibrosis 246
for diarrhea 548 1300
for diverticulitis 632
in fever management 28 1555
for gram-negative bacteremia and sepsis 1424 1552–1553
in H pylori eradication therapy 589 590
for impetigo 89 113 1401 1556
for liver abscess, pyogenic 681
for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1488 1495
for meningitis 1293 1293
for nosocomial infection 1292
ophthalmic 175
oral contraceptive failure and 117
for pelvic inflammatory disease 742–743
for pharyngitis 205–206 1401 1556
for pneumonia 252 254–255 256 1556
prophylactic See Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis
resistance to 1551
routes of administration for 1560
specialized 1577–1578
for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 561 561–562 671
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558–1559
topical
for acne 88 116
for impetigo 89 113
for urinary tract infection 939 1555
for Whipple's disease 604
Antibodies See also Immunoglobulins
infections associated with defects in 1289
in common variable immunodeficiency 796
monoclonal, in cancer chemotherapy 1666–1667
radiolabeled, for cancer therapy 1660 1667–1668
toxin-linked, for cancer therapy 1667
in virus identification 1349
Antibody-mediated autoimmunity 798
Anticancer drugs See Chemotherapy
Anticarcinogens (cancer chemoprevention) 1648–1654
breast cancer and 706 1651–1652 1652
colorectal cancer and 638 1279 1650
Anticardiolipin antibodies 532 835 837
P.1753
in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 837
pregnancy loss and 775 776 837
stroke and 993
in systemic lupus erythematosus 835 836
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody See Rituximab
Anticentromere antibody 799 836 839
Anticholinergic agents
adverse ocular effects of 178
for allergic disorders/rhinitis 198 789 790
antidepressant drug interactions and 1074
for asthma 234–236 235
for COPD 241
for irritable bowel syndrome 617
for nausea and vomiting 540
overdose/toxicity of 1008 1611 1620
for parkinsonism 1004 1008
Anticholinergic syndrome/effects 1614
of antidepressants 1071 1072 1637
of antipsychotic drugs 1062
hallucinogens causing 1627
of over-the-counter cold remedies, adverse effects in elderly and 65–66
in poisoning/drug overdose 1614
with antidepressants 1071 1072
Anticholinergic-type mushroom poisoning 1629 1630
Anticholinesterases
for Alzheimer's disease/dementia 57 58 1093
for myasthenia gravis diagnosis/treatment 1034
nerve agents in chemical warfare and 1621–1622
overdose/toxicity/poisoning with 1611 1631–1632
Anticipation, genetic 1705
Anticipatory anxiety, in panic disorders 1043
Anticoagulant, lupus See Lupus anticoagulant
Anticoagulation therapy
for acute coronary syndromes 352
antidepressant drug interactions and 1074
for arterial embolism 375 376 377 461
for atrial fibrillation 375 376 377
in elderly 65
in hyperthyroidism 1137 1141–1142
for atrial flutter 378
breast feeding and 785
for cardiac failure 395
after cardiac valve replacement 338–339
endocarditis and 1419
pregnancy and 339
for deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism
in prevention 284 286 287 471–472
in treatment 284–289 288 472
in elderly 65
in endocarditis 1419
ginkgo interactions and 1715
for hepatic vein obstruction (Budd-Chiari syndrome) 679
for hypercoagulability states 532
for lupus anticoagulant-anticardiolipin-antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 776 835 837
for myocardial infarction 352 361
after thrombolytic therapy 359
for nephrotic syndrome 921
overdose/toxicity of 1618–1619
for pulmonary hypertension 292 411
for stroke 457 994
for transient ischemic attacks 457 990
Anticonstipation agents See Fiber, dietary; Laxatives
Anticonvulsant therapy 983–985 984–985
for bipolar disease/mania 1077–1078 1078
breast feeding and 786
complex drug reaction caused by 149
discontinuing 985
drug selection and 983 984–985
for glossopharyngeal neuralgia 979 984–985
glucocorticoid interactions and 1192
monitoring serum levels during 983
for myoclonus 1013
for neuropathic pain 79
nutrients affected by 1260
overdose/toxicity and 984–985 1619
for posttraumatic stress disorder 1042
during pregnancy 780
for status epilepticus 986
for trigeminal neuralgia 978 984–985
Antidepressants 1068–1073 1069 1071 1072 1074
adverse ocular effects of 178
for aggressive/violent patient 1093
for anxiety 1044 1046 1070 1071
atypical 1070–1071
breast feeding and 785 1070
combination therapy and 1073
dispensing 1068 1068–1069
dose tapering and 1073
drug interactions of 1070 1074
for dyspepsia 537
in elderly 58–59 1095
for irritable bowel syndrome 617
lithium as augmenting agent for 1068 1073 1075–1076
maintenance therapy with 1073
monitoring concentrations of 1071
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) 1071–1073 1072
for neuropathic pain/painful diabetic neuropathy 79–80 79 1223
for obsessive-compulsive disorder 1047 1070 1071
overdose/toxicity of 1070 1071 1072 1073 1629 1637–1638
arrhythmias and 1071 1637 1637
seizures and 1071 1637
suicidal 1068 1068–1069 1637
for panic attacks 1046 1070 1071
for personality disorder 1056
for posttraumatic stress disorder 1042 1070
during pregnancy 1070
for psychotic depression 1061 1068 1071
selection of 1068
serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 1070–1071 1072
sexual dysfunction caused by 1070 1071
switching agents and 1073
thyroid medication/liothyronine as augmenting agent for 1068 1073
tricyclic 1071 1072
for unresponsive gastroesophageal reflux disease 569
Antidiabetic agents, oral 1206–1212 1207 1208
adverse ocular effects of 179
in combination preparations 1208 1211
intensive therapy with 1203–1205
for nonobese type 2 diabetic 1218
for obese type 2 diabetic 1217
during pregnancy 777 1226
in prevention/delay of diabetes 1202
safety of 1211–1212
Antidiarrheal agents 546–548
for Crohn's disease 625
for irritable bowel syndrome 617
for short bowel syndrome 606
for traveler's diarrhea 1301
for ulcerative colitis 628
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) See also Vasopressin
in euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia 868–869 868
in hypovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia 868
inappropriate secretion of (SIADH) 868–869 868
cancer-related 267 868 868 1696
in HIV infection/AIDS 871
Anti-DNase B, in rheumatic fever 405
Antidotes 1610 1611
Anti-double-stranded (anti-ds)-DNA 799 836
in hyperthyroidism 1138
in lupus erythematosus 105 799 835 836
Antidromic tachycardia 374
Antiemetics 540 540
for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting 1682
in elderly 66
for motion sickness 1606
Antiendomysial antibodies, in celiac disease/dermatitis herpetiformis 113 602
Antiepilepsy drugs See Anticonvulsant therapy
Antiestrogens See also Tamoxifen
Antifolates 1575–1576
for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1488
resistance to 1492
Antifreeze See Ethylene glycol poisoning
Antifungal agents 1548–1549 1550 1582–1585
for dermatologic disorders 89
for ophthalmic disorders 176
prophylactic 1290–1291
for systemic disorders 1548–1549 1550 1582–1585
Anti-GBM antibodies See Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Antigen-antibody complexes 794 798
in glomerulonephritis 905
in systemic lupus erythematosus 834
Antigen detection, in viral infections 1349
Antiglaucoma agents 161 173–174
in elderly 65
Antigliadin antibody, in celiac disease 601 602
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, in glomerulonephritis/Goodpasture's syndrome 293 905 916 918–919
Anti-HAV 652 653
Anti-HBc 653 654 654
screening blood for 534
Anti-HBe 653 654 654 659
Anti-HBs 653 653 654
Anti-HCV 655 655 660
in hepatocellular carcinoma 682
screening blood for 534
Anti-HDV 654
Antihistamines 789 789
for allergic rhinitis 197 789 789
for anaphylaxis 792
for desensitization reactions 1316
for insomnia 1080
monoamine oxidase inhibitor interactions and 1074
for nausea and vomiting 540
P.1754
for ophthalmic disorders 176
in OTC medications, abuse of 1090
overdose/toxicity of 1620
for pruritus 91
for urticaria 122
Anti-Hu antibody 1695–1698
Antihypertensive drug therapy 421 427–441 428–432 434–435 436 438 440
aldosterone receptor blockers in 429
alpha-adrenergic antagonists in 437 438
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in 433 434
in diabetics 425 433 440 440 923 1203–1205 1205 1222 1225
angiotensin II receptor blocking agents in 433–435 434–435
in aortic dissection 452
arteriolar dilators in 437 438
beta-adrenergic blocking drugs in 428–433 431–432
in blacks 440–441
breast feeding and 786
calcium channel blocking drugs in 435–437 436
central sympatholytics in 437 438
combination regimens and 439
depression caused by 1067
developing regimen for 421 437–439 440
in diabetes mellitus 439 439–440 440
complication rate/diabetic nephropathy affected by 425 923 1204–1205 1205 1222
diuretics in 428 429–430
in combination products 430 434 435 439
in elderly 54–55 65
general principles of 427–428
goals of 427 427
heart disease prevention and 11–12
nutrients affected by 1260
patient selection for 420 427 427
peripheral sympathetic inhibitors in 437 438
during pregnancy 773 779
in renal failure 909
stroke/stroke prevention and 11–12 994
for urgencies/emergencies 442–445 443–444
vasodilators in 437 438
Anti-IgE antibody 805
Anti-infective agents 1551–1588 1552–1554 1555 1556–1557
Anti-inflammatory drugs See also Corticosteroids; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
for asthma 231 232
breast feeding and 785
nutrients affected by 1260
ophthalmic 174–175
Anti-insulin antibodies
in factitious hypoglycemia 1238–1239
in immunopathologic hypoglycemia 1234 1234 1239
insulin therapy causing 1220–1221
in type 1 diabetes 1195 1196
Anti-insulin receptor antibodies, in immunopathologic hypoglycemia 1234 1234 1239
Anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody, humanized 804
Anti-Itch lotion See Pramoxine
Anti-Jo-1 antibody, in polymyositis/dermatomyositis 836 841
Antileukotriene agents
for allergic rhinitis 198
for asthma 233 234
Anti-LKM1, in autoimmune hepatitis 663
Antimalarial agents 1488–1497 1489 1490–1491
adverse ocular effects of 179
classification of 1488–1491
in combination preparations 1488
consultative resources regarding 1488
indications/limitations/adverse effects of 1492–1495
for lupus erythematosus 105 835
for malaria chemoprophylaxis 1488–1495 1489
consultative resources regarding 1488
nonimmune populations and 1489 1495–1496
pregnancy and 1496
for malaria emergency (standby) self-treatment 1488 1496
for malaria treatment 1488–1495 1490–1491
in pregnancy 1496
rabies vaccination and 1314 1371
resistance to 1489 1490–1491 1491–1492 1496 1497
for rheumatoid arthritis 832
for severe P falciparum infection 1497
Antimetabolites 1672–1673
immunosuppressive action of 803–804
Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis See also specific agent and Antimicrobial therapy
for anthrax 1412–1413 1412
for bite wounds 1296
for bronchiectasis 244
in cancer/immunocompromised host 1290–1291 1694
in COPD 241
in cystic fibrosis 246
for elective abortion 758
for endocarditis 1416 1416 1417
during pregnancy 417 778
for esophageal varices 574
for group B streptococcal infection, in pregnancy 766
for influenza 1384
for Lyme disease 1460–1461
for MAC infections 1347 1437
for malaria 1488–1495 1489
consultative resources regarding 1488
nonimmune populations and 1489 1495–1496
in pregnancy 1496
for meningococcal meningitis 1421
in neutropenic patient 1290
for peritonitis 561
for plague 1431
for Pneumocystis jiroveci infection 1346–1347 1346 1542
in rape/sexual assault 760 1297–1298
of rheumatic fever 205 406 1401
for surgical site infections 46–48 47
for traveler's diarrhea 1301
for tuberculosis 262–263
in HIV infection/AIDS 263 1332 1347
for urinary tract infections 937
Antimicrobial therapy 1551–1588 1552–1554 1555 1556–1557
adverse reactions/toxicity and 1560
for asthma 236
breast feeding and 786
clinical response to 1551
promptness of 1557
cost of agents and 1560 1561–1562
duration of 1557–1560
empirical 1551 1555–1556 1557
in febrile drug user 1299
in fever management 28
in immunocompromised host 1291 1694–1695
for nosocomial infection 1292
nutrients affected by 1260
for pneumonia 252 254–255 256 1556
principles of 1551–1560
resistance to 1551
routes of administration for 1560
susceptibility testing and 1551
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558–1559
Antimitochondrial antibodies, in biliary cirrhosis 675
Antimony See Stibogluconate
Antimotility drugs See Antidiarrheal agents
Antimyosin antibody fragments, radiolabeled, in myocardial infarction 357
Anti-native DNA antibody 836
Antineoplastic agents See Chemotherapy
Antineuronal antibodies, neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes caused by 1695–1698
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) 799 836
in autoimmune hepatitis 663
in glomerulonephritis (pauci-immune) 799 905 905–906 916 918
in inflammatory bowel disease 623
in interstitial (diffuse parenchymal) lung disease 276
in microscopic polyangiitis 849 916 918
in primary sclerosing cholangitis 691
in Wegener's granulomatosis 799 836 848 916 918
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) 799 836
in autoimmune hepatitis 663
in biliary cirrhosis 675
in CREST syndrome 836
in Graves' disease/hyperthyroidism 1135 1138
immunofluorescence microscopy in detection of 800
in interstitial (diffuse parenchymal) lung disease 276
in lupus erythematosus 105 799 834 835 836
in polymyositis/dermatomyositis 836 841
in rheumatoid arthritis 799 828 836
in scleroderma 799 836 839
in Sj gren's syndrome 799 836 842
in Wegener's granulomatosis 836
Antioxidants See also Vitamin C; Vitamin E
in atherosclerosis/heart disease prevention 341
in cancer prevention 1650–1651
Antiparkinsonism drugs 1004 1008–1010
for antipsychotic-induced side effects/parkinsonism 1063 1064
for neuroleptic malignant syndrome 1063 1633
Antiphlebitic stockings See Compression stockings
Antiphospholipid syndrome/antiphospholipid antibodies 837–838
pregnancy loss and 775 776 837
P.1755
stroke and 993
systemic lupus erythematosus and 835 836 836 837
α2-Antiplasmin, in coagulopathy of liver disease 529
Antiplatelet antibody 526
in idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura 518
Antiplatelet therapy See also Aspirin
for acute coronary syndromes 349 352
after CABG 350
for coronary heart disease prevention 341
for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 925
postinfarction 349 365
stroke risk affected by 994
for transient ischemic attacks 990
α1-Antiprotease/antitrypsin
in COPD/emphysema 240
replacement therapy and 242
laboratory reference range for 1736
in protein-losing enteropathy 614
Antipruritic agents
systemic 91
topical 89 91 134
Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) 1059–1064 1059 1060 1063
abnormal movements caused by 1013 1063–1064
for aggressive/violent behavior 1082 1093
for alcoholic hallucinosis 1086
atypical 1059 1059 1060 1060 1061
for dementia-associated behavior problems 58 1093
for parkinsonism 1010
for bipolar disease/mania 1075
clinical indications for 1061
compliance/noncompliance and 1062
for delirium 59
dosage forms and patterns of 1061–1062
in elderly 1062 1095
intravenous administration of 1062
neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by 1063 1633
overdose/toxicity/side effects of 1060 1062–1064 1063 1633
parkinsonism (reversible) caused by 1007 1064
for personality disorders 1056
in pregnancy 1063
for psychedelic abuse/overdose 1088
relative potency of 1060
for Tourette's syndrome 1014 1061
Antipyretic drugs 27
Anti-receptor antibodies, in autoimmunity 798
Antireflux surgery See Fundoplication
Antiretroviral therapy 1334–1345 1337–1338 1343 1344 1345
antituberculous drug interactions and 261 1323
CMV retinitis and 168 1360
combinations/regimens for 1336–1339 1342–1343 1343
compliance and 1 1339 1343
drug resistance and 1336 1339 1343 1343–1345 1344 1345
highly active See Highly active antiretroviral therapy
monitoring 1339
novel agents in 1342
postexposure
after needle stick 1333
after sexual/drug use exposure 1298 1333
during pregnancy 1333
second-line/salvage regimens in 1343
statin drug interactions and 1340
tuberculosis and 259
Anti-Rho (D) antibody, in hemolytic disease of newborn 783
Anti-ribonucleoprotein (anti-RNP) antibody 799
Anti-RNAP antibodies, in scleroderma 839
Anti-Scl-70 antibody 799 836 839
Antisecretory agents See Acid-antisecretory agents
Antiseizure therapy See Anticonvulsant therapy
Anti-SLA/LP, in autoimmune hepatitis 663
Anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus 799 835 836
Antisocial personality disorder 1054 1055
Antispasmodic agents, for irritable bowel syndrome 617
Antisperm antibodies 749
Anti-SS-A/Ro antibody 799 836
in lupus erythematosus 105 799 836
in Sj gren's syndrome 799 836 842–843
Anti-SS-B/La antibody 836
in Sj gren's syndrome 836 842–843
Antistreptolysin O titers
in postinfectious glomerulonephritis 915
in rheumatic fever 405
Antisynthetase syndrome 840–841
Antithrombin III
in disseminated intravascular coagulation 530 531
laboratory reference range for 1736
Antithymocyte globulin, for aplastic anemia 498
Antithyroid (antithyroglobulin/antithyroperoxidase) antibodies 1117 1118–1119
in goiter 1130
in Graves' disease/hyperthyroidism 1117 1118–1119 1135 1138
amiodarone-induced 1136 1137
in thyroid nodules 1120
in thyroiditis 1145
Hashimoto's 1118 1143 1145
postpartum 1144
Anti-TNF agents 805 831
for ankylosing spondylitis 853
for Crohn's disease 622 626
for rheumatoid arthritis 831
Antitoxin
botulinum 1035 1411
diphtheria 1414
α1-Antitrypsin/antiprotease
in COPD/emphysema 240
replacement therapy and 242
laboratory reference range for 1736
in protein-losing enteropathy 614
Anti-tTG (transglutaminase/tissue transglutaminase) antibody, in celiac disease/dermatitis herpetiformis 113 601 602
Antituberculous drugs 259–263 1553 1574
alternative agents and 1574–1575
antiretroviral drug interactions and 261 1323
directly observed treatment (DOT) and 260 261 262
for drug-resistant disease 261 262 263
for extrapulmonary disease 262
in HIV-negative persons 260–261
in HIV-positive persons 261
prophylactic 263 1332 1347
in latent disease/chemoprophylactic 262–263 1332 1347
for meningitis 1439
monitoring therapy with 262
during pregnancy/lactation 262 781
resistance to 257 261 262 263 1323
Anti-VEGF antibody See Bevacizumab
Antivenin
for black widow spider bites 1636
for snake bites 1611 1636
Antiviral agents 1350 1352–1353 1586–1588
ophthalmic 176
Anti-Yo antibody 1698
Antizol See Fomepizole
Anton's syndrome 1001
Anus See also under Anal
carcinoma of 648
in HIV infection/AIDS 648
rectum protruding through (rectal prolapse) 646
hemorrhoids differentiated from 644
Anxiety 1043–1047
anticipatory, in panic disorders 1043
chronic pain and 1050
drugs for management of 1044–1047 1045 1046
dyspnea and 219
generalized 1043
kava for management of 1712 1716–1717
pre- and postsurgical 1095–1096
in schizophrenia/psychotic disorders 1058
Anxiolytic drugs 1044–1047 1045 1046
breast feeding and 786
Aorta
coarctation of 319–320
enlarged, in tetralogy of Fallot 323
in Marfan's syndrome 449 1707 1708
Aortic aneurysms
abdominal 446–448
in Marfan's syndrome 449 1708
thoracic 448–449
giant cell arteritis and 846
Aortic arch abnormalities, in tetralogy of Fallot 323
Aortic dissection 451–452
aortic regurgitation and 335
chest pain in 312 344 451
hypertension and 425 451
in Marfan's syndrome 1708
in pregnancy 417
Aortic (chronic) regurgitation 326–328 334–336
aortic aneurysms and 449
in Marfan's syndrome 414 1708
Aortic sclerosis 332 333
Aortic stenosis 326–328 332–334
calcific (degenerative) 332 333
interventions affecting murmur in 329
pregnancy and 416
surgery in patient with 415
syncope and 333 385
Aortic valve rupture 414
Aortitis, in rheumatoid arthritis 828
Aortobifemoral bypass, for lower extremity occlusive disease 454–455
Aortoenteric fistula, gastrointestinal bleeding and 552
APACHE II score, in pancreatitis 694
Apallic state (persistent vegetative state) 1019
Apathetic hyperthyroidism 1138 1142
APC gene 635 637 1642
fecal DNA assay for 642
screening for 635 637 1643
APCED/APECED See Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy
P.1756
Aphasia
intracranial mass lesions casing 1001
stroke causing 991
Aphthous ulcer 204
in HIV infection/AIDS 1326
Apical impulse, in heart disease
aortic regurgitation 335
cardiomyopathy 403
Apicitis, petrous 186
Apidra See Insulin glulisine
APL See Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Aplastic anemia 497–498 497 498
chloramphenicol causing 1572
Aplastic crises
in hereditary spherocytosis 491–492
in sickle cell disease 493
Apnea
electric shock causing 1599
sleep 305–306 1080
Apnea test 1019
Apneustic breathing, in coma or stupor 1018
Apolipoprotein E, in Down's syndrome-associated dementia 1705
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
abnormal, fecal DNA assay for 642
P53 regulation of, cancer etiology and 1641
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess, genetic mutation/hypokalemia and 874 874
Appearance
of cardiac patient 313–314
in mental status exam 1038
in schizophrenia/psychotic disorders 1057
Appendectomy 613
antibiotic prophylaxis for 47
ulcerative colitis risk and 627
Appendiceal carcinoids 611
Appendicitis 612–613
pelvic inflammatory disease differentiated from 742
in pregnancy 613 782
Appetite suppressants, for obesity 1099 1269
Apraclonidine, for glaucoma/intraocular hypertension 161 173
Apraxia
intracranial mass lesions causing 1001
stroke causing 991
Aprepitant 1682
Apresoline See Hydralazine
APS See Antiphospholipid syndrome/antiphospholipid antibodies
aPTT See Partial thromboplastin time
Aqua glycolic 90
Aquaphor 90
Aquinil See Hydrocortisone
Arachnodactyly, in Marfan's syndrome 1707
Arachnoiditis, in cysticercosis 1510 1511 1512
Arbovirus encephalitis 1371–1373
ARBs See Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents
Arc 5 test, in cystic hydatid disease 1514
Arcing (flash) burns 1599
Arcitumomab, for imaging cancer with increased CEA levels 1658
ARDS See Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Arfonad See Trimethaphan
Arg133Trp (PAX-4) mutation, in idiopathic type 1 diabetes mellitus 1196
Argentaffin cells, tumors of, carcinoid syndrome caused by 1692
Arginine vasopressin, in cardiac failure 386
Argyll Robertson pupils 152
in tabes dorsalis 1451
Arimidex See Anastrozole
Aripiprazole 1059 1060 1061
Arm, repetitive injury of, thoracic outlet syndrome and 467 468 816
Arm edema, in breast cancer/postmastectomy 477 710 725
ARN See Acute retinal necrosis
Arnold-Chiari malformation
headache associated with 977
syringomyelia and 1021
Aromatase inhibitors/inactivators, for breast cancer treatment/prevention 706 719 722 723 1652 1670 1673
in male 727
Arousal (excitement) stage of sexual activity 1052
disorders related to (paraphilias) 1052–1053 1053–1054
Arrhenoblastoma 745 1171
Arrhythmias 366–382
antidepressants causing 1071
antipsychotic drugs causing 1062
in cardiac failure 395
in cardiomyopathy 403
in Chagas' disease 1466 1467
in COPD, management of 242
in electric shock/lightning injuries 1596 1599
evaluation/management of 367–371 369–371
preoperative 40 415
radiofrequency ablation and 371
in hyperkalemia 876
in hypocalcemia 878
in hypothermia 1590 1590
mechanisms of 366–367
in myocardial infarction 356 361–362
antiarrhythmic drug risk and 368–371
prevention of 361
signal-averaged ECG in identification of 368
in pheochromocytoma 1174 1176
in poisoning/drug overdose 1609 1609
with antiarrhythmic drugs 1634
with antidepressants 1071 1609 1637 1637
with antipsychotic drugs 1062
with digitalis glycosides 1624
with phenothiazines 1633
during pregnancy 416
seizures differentiated from 983
in sleep apnea 306
supraventricular 371–379
syncope and 366 385
treatment of See Arrhythmias, evaluation/management of
ventricular 379–382
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 401 418
Arsenic poisoning 1611 1619–1620
Arsenic trioxide
in cancer chemotherapy 1668 1676
toxicity of 1619–1620 1676
Arsenical melanosis, hyperpigmentation in 143
ART See Assisted reproductive technologies
Artane See Trihexyphenidyl
Artemether 1490 1495 1497
with lumefantrine (Riamet) 1495
Artemisinin (qinghaosu)/artemisinin derivatives 1488 1495 1496 1497
Artemotil 1495
Arterial aneurysms See specific type and Aneurysms
Arterial blood gases
in acid-base disorders 885
altitude affecting 224 224
in asthma 228 229
in COPD 238
in cystic fibrosis 245
in dyspnea 22
home oxygen therapy and 240–241 240
in nosocomial pneumonia 254
in pneumocystis pneumonia 1322 1541
preoperative 41
in pulmonary disorders 221–224 224
in pulmonary embolism 281
in respiratory failure 307
Arterial embolism 461–462
amaurosis fugax and 166
anticoagulation therapy for 375 376 377 461
in elderly 65
atrial fibrillation and 375 375
cardiac sources of 375 375 461
carotid sources of 456
gas, underwater diving/air travel and 1603
stroke caused by 456
Arterial graft/prosthesis See Bypass grafting
Arterial lines
in burn care 1596
nosocomial infection and 1292
Arterial occlusion
acute 461–462
atherosclerotic 446 453–462
in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) 462–463
Arterial thrombosis 462
in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 837–838
cancer-associated 531
in homocystinuria 1706
Arteriography See specific type and Angiography
Arteriolar dilators See also Vasodilator therapy
for hypertension 437 438
Arteriopathy 462–463
Arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease See Coronary heart disease
Arteriovenous malformations
gastrointestinal (vascular ectasias), bleeding from 552 554–555
intracranial 992 997–998
spinal cord 999
Arteritis See also Polyarteritis
coronary artery, in Kawasaki syndrome 1399
giant cell See Giant cell (temporal/cranial) arteritis
Takayasu (pulseless disease) 414 463–464
Artesunate 1490 1495 1496 1497
Arthritis/arthralgia
acupuncture for 1725 1727
in alkaptonuria 1704
in ankylosing spondylitis 852
arthroplasty/joint replacement for 810 863 864
septic arthritis and 855
back pain caused by 817
in Beh et's syndrome 851
bursitis differentiated from 823
in coccidioidomycosis 1539
in Crohn's disease 855
crystal deposition 810–814
degenerative 807–810
diagnosis and evaluation of 807 808 809 809
in elderly, immobility and 60
P.1757
exercise/activity in management of 12 810
glucosamine sulfate plus chondroitin for 810 1721–1722 1721
gonococcal 856–857 1432
gouty 810–814 811 813
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 812 828
in hepatitis 858
in HIV infection/AIDS 857 1325
infectious 855–858
in drug users 855 1298
inflammatory intestinal diseases and 855
HLA in 851 855
leukemic 863
Lyme 1459 1461–1462 1461
Lyme disease vaccine and 1461
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 828
mumps 858
neck pain caused by 816
nongonococcal bacterial See Arthritis/arthralgia, septic
in parvovirus B19 infection 858 1387
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 829
pattern of joint involvement and 807 808
in pneumococcal pneumonia 1403
psoriatic 97–98 853–854
reactive See Reactive arthritis
in rheumatic fever 405
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 829
rheumatoid See Rheumatoid arthritis
rubella/rubella vaccination and 858 1306 1368
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for 1719 1721
in sarcoidosis 861
in scleroderma 839
septic (nongonococcal acute bacterial) 855–856 1402 1555
in drug users 855 1298
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 828
in Still's disease 833
streptococcal 1402
surgery for 863–864
in systemic lupus erythematosus 834 835
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 829
tophaceous 811 812 814
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 812 828
tuberculous 860–861
in ulcerative colitis 855
viral 858
in Whipple disease 604 855
Arthrocentesis/joint fluid examination 807 808 809 809
Arthrodesis 864
Arthropathy, neurogenic See Neurogenic arthropathy
Arthroplasty 863 864
septic arthritis and 855
Arthropods
encephalitis transmitted by 1371–1373
skin lesions caused by 136–137
Arthroscopy, septic arthritis and 855
Articular rest, for rheumatoid arthritis 829
Artificial blood, for volume replacement in shock 479
Artificial insemination, in azoospermia 750
Artificial nutrition See Nutritional support
Artificial sweeteners, for diabetics 1206
Artificial tears, for keratoconjunctivitis sicca 157
Arytenoid cartilage, contact ulcers of 210
5-ASA See Aminosalicylic acid
Asacol See Mesalamine
Asbestosis (asbestos exposure) 295 296
lung cancer and 267 297
mesothelioma and 273–274 297 563
pleural effusion and 297
smoking and 296
ASCA See Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies
Ascaris lumbricoides (ascariasis) 1517–1519
eosinophilic pulmonary syndromes and 280 1518
Ascites 558–560 559
bile 563
chylous 563
in cirrhosis 670–671
in hepatic vein obstruction (Budd-Chiari syndrome) 679
malignant 559 562–563
neutrocytic 561
pancreatic 563 696
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and 559 560–562 671
Ascites albumin gradient, serum (SAAG) See Serum-ascites albumin gradient
Ascitic fluid analysis/examination See also Paracentesis
in ascites 559–560
in bacterial peritonitis 561
in bile ascites 563
in chylous ascites 563
culture/Gram stain 560
in malignant ascites 562
in pancreatic ascites 563
in peritoneal carcinomatosis 562
in tuberculous peritonitis 562
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 1275–1276
dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for 1254
ASD See Atrial septal defect
Asendin See Amoxapine
Aseptic meningitis 1294
coxsackieviruses causing 1389
echoviruses causing 1390
herpes simplex virus causing 1351
in Lyme disease 1458 1461
in mumps 1365
in syphilis 1449
in tick-borne encephalitis 1380
Ash leaf spots (hypopigmentation), in tuberous sclerosis 143 1006
Asherman's syndrome 1184
Asian ginseng 1712 1717
ASO titers See Antistreptolysin O titers
Asparaginase, as rescue for methotrexate 1684
Aspartame, for diabetics 1206
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
in alcoholic liver disease 664
in cirrhosis 669
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 650 1736
in liver disease/jaundice 650 651
in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 667
in preeclampsia-eclampsia 772
in viral hepatitis 656
Aspergilloma 1544
Aspergillus (aspergillosis) 1544–1545
allergic bronchopulmonary 244 1544
chronic necrotizing 1544
fumigatus 1544
in HIV infection/AIDS 1544
ear involvement and 194
sinusitis and 217
prevention of 1290–1291
Scedosporium apiospermum infection differentiated from 1547 1550
sinusitis and 1544
Aspermatogenesis, radiation causing 1600
Asphyxia
aspiration of inert material causing 294
of drowning 1601
in severe asthma exacerbation 237
Aspiration 294–295
enteral nutritional support and 1283
of food (caf coronary) 294
foreign body 214
retention of 294
of gastric contents
acute (Mendelson's syndrome) 295
chronic 294–295
in comatose patient 1607
hospital-acquired pneumonia and 253
of inert material 294
in pneumonia 294 295 1556
in anaerobic infections 255 1434
in community-acquired disease 252
drug use and 1298
in hospital-acquired disease 253
hydrocarbon toxicity and 294 1632 1632
of toxic material 294
Aspirin 74 75
for acute coronary syndromes 349 352 353
in analgesic nephropathy 926
for atrial fibrillation 375
bleeding caused by 526
breast feeding and 785
after CABG 350
after cardiac valve replacement surgery 338–339
for chemoprevention 3
atherosclerosis/heart disease prevention and 341
in diabetics 1205 1225
cancer prevention and 638 1650
with codeine 78
gastrointestinal bleeding associated with 556
iron deficiency and 482
laboratory reference range for 1742
for lower extremity occlusive disease 454
for migraine treatment/prophylaxis 976
for myocardial infarction 349 352 353 357 361 365
after thrombolytic therapy 359
nasal polyps and asthma as contraindication to 200
overdose/toxicity of 1634
for pain management 74 75
in peptic ulcer disease 587
platelet function affected by 526 830
Reye's syndrome and 1356 1357 1383
for rheumatic fever 406
for transient ischemic attacks 990
in von Willebrand's disease 524 526
Asplenia See also Splenectomy
infections and 1289
Assisted reproductive technologies 750 954
Assistive devices
fall prevention and 61
for rheumatoid arthritis 829
AST See Aspartate aminotransferase
Astemizole
antidepressant drug interactions and 1070 1074
overdose/toxicity of 1620
P.1758
Astereognosis, intracranial mass lesions causing 1001
Asterixis 559
Asthma 226–238
acupuncture for 1726 1728
allergic 226–227 788
allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis/aspergillosis and 244 1544
atopy and 226–227
bronchial provocation testing in 224 227
cardiac 227
catamenial 227
classification of severity of 228–229 228 229
COPD differentiated from 240
cough caused by 22 219 227
drugs causing 227 298
estrogen replacement therapy and 1188
exacerbations of
classification of severity of 228–229 229
treatment of 234 236–237
exercise-induced 227
long-acting beta-adrenergic agents for 231
mediator inhibitors for 231
short-acting beta-adrenergic agents for 234
occupational 227 297
postoperative pulmonary complications associated with 41 42
during pregnancy 776
pulmonary function testing in 227–228 228
assessment/monitoring/prevention and 237
exacerbation management and 236
treatment of
desensitization/immunotherapy in 234 790–791
for exacerbations 236–237
long-term
approach to 229 230
medications for 229–231 231–234 232–233
pharmacologic 229–236 229 232–233 235
quick relief medications for 229 234–236 235
stepwise approach to 229 230
Astigmatism 153
Astrocytoma 1000
Astroviruses, gastroenteritis caused by 1299
Asystole, electric shock causing 1599
Atabrine See Quinacrine
Atacand See Candesartan
Atactic breathing, in coma or stupor 1018
Ataxia
Friedreich's 1024
intracranial mass lesions causing 1001
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutation, breast cancer risk and 706
Atazanavir 1338 1341 1343
resistance to 1345
Atelectasis
in airway obstruction 226
postoperative 41 42
in right middle lobe syndrome 226
Atenolol
for alcohol withdrawal 1086
breast feeding and 786
for hypertension 431
in diabetics 1203–1205
pregnancy and 417
perioperative administration of 37 38 415
ATG See Antithymocyte globulin
Atherosclerosis 446
aneurysms and 446
cerebrovascular occlusive disease caused by 456–458
Chlamydia pneumoniae in 446 1442
cholesterol/lipoproteins in 340 1240–1241 1241–1242
screening tests for levels of 1244–1247 1245–1246
coronary artery disease caused by 339–366
in diabetes mellitus 1225
estrogen replacement therapy and 341 761 1187 1188
garlic for 1712 1714
homocysteine/hyperhomocysteinemia and 10–11 341 1706–1707
hypertension and 425
lipid-lowering therapy affecting course of 341
in women and elderly 1246 1247
lower extremity occlusive disease caused by 453–456
pathophysiology of 340
renal artery stenosis caused by 423 460 913–914
transient ischemic attacks and 988–989
visceral artery insufficiency caused by 459–460
Atherosclerotic (multi-infarct) dementia 1092
hypertension and 425
Atherosclerotic plaques 340 446 1240
in lower extremity 453
Athletes
cardiovascular screening of 417–418
exertional heat stroke in 1594
sports medicine injuries and 823–826
sudden death of 417–418
cardiomyopathy causing 403 418
Athlete's foot 103–104
ATI See Infliximab
Ativan See Lorazepam
ATL See Adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia
Atlantoaxial subluxation, neck pain caused by 816
Atonic seizures (epileptic drop attacks) 982
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) 94–97
drugs causing 147
herpes simplex infection (eczema herpeticum) and 96 108 1351 1355
smallpox vaccination (eczema vaccinatum) and 96 111 1313 1388
vesiculobullous (pompholyx/dishydrosis/dishydrotic eczema) 111–112
Atopic disease (atopy) 788–795
asthma and 226–227 788
Atopic keratoconjunctivitis 157
Atorvastatin 341 1242 1250 1251
perioperative administration of 38 38
Atosiban, for preterm labor prevention 784
Atovaquone 1581–1582
for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment
with doxycycline 1490 1496 1497
with proguanil (Malarone) 1488 1489 1490 1493 1495 1496 1497
emergency self-treatment and 1488
resistance to 1492 1493
for Pneumocystis jiroveci infection treatment/chemoprophylaxis 1335 1346 1347 1542 1581–1582
ATP7B, in Wilson's disease 677
Atrial fibrillation 374–378 375
arterial emboli and 375 375
amaurosis fugax and 166
anticoagulation in prevention/management of 375 376 377
in elderly 65
transient ischemic attacks and 375 988 990
in atrial septal defect 321
in cardiomyopathy 403
in hyperthyroidism 375 1137 1138 1141–1142
in mitral regurgitation 330
in mitral stenosis 329
pregnancy and 416
in myocardial infarction 361–362
radiofrequency ablation in management of 371 377
recurrent paroxysmal 377
refractory 377
Atrial flutter 378
in COPD 242 378
Atrial gallop See Fourth heart sound; Heart sounds
Atrial myxoma 413
arterial emboli and 461
herpes simplex virus and 1351
Atrial natriuretic peptide, in cardiac failure 386
Atrial (supraventricular) premature beats (atrial extrasystoles) 372
in myocardial infarction 361
Atrial septal aneurysm 321
Atrial septal defect 320–322
Atrial septal lipoma 413
Atrial tachycardia, multifocal (chaotic) 378
Atrioventricular (heart) block 382–383
lithium use and 1076
in Lyme disease 1458 1461 1461
in myocardial infarction 362
in poisoning/drug overdose 1609
Atrioventricular dissociation 383
Atrioventricular junctional rhythm 378–379
Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) 372
Atrioventricular pathways, accessory, reentry caused by, in preexcitation syndromes 374
Atrophic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori infection and 584
in pernicious anemia 487 585
Atrophic urethritis, urinary incontinence and 62
Atrophic vaginitis
in menopause 760 761
estrogen replacement therapy and 736–737 761 1186–1187
painful intercourse and 748
urinary incontinence and 62
Atropine
for cholinesterase inhibitor (anticholinesterase) poisoning 1611 1632
nerve agents in chemical warfare and 1622
with diphenoxylate See Diphenoxylate with atropine
for muscarinic-type mushroom poisoning 1630
overdose/toxicity of 1611 1620
Atrovent See Ipratropium
Atypical absences 981 981
Atypical antidepressants 1070–1071
P.1759
Atypical antipsychotics 1059 1059 1060 1060
for dementia-associated behavior problems 58 1093
for parkinsonism 1010
Atypical facial pain 979
Atypical measles 1355 1363
Atypical mycobacteria See Nontuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria
Atypical (dysplastic) nevi/mole 93
Atypical psychoses 1057
Audiology 180–181
Audiovestibular disorders 193–194 193
AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) 17 18
Auditory canal See Ear canal
Auditory tube 183–184
dysfunction of 183
barotrauma and 184
cholesteatoma and 185
hearing loss and 180 183
patulous 183
Auer rods, in acute leukemia 508
Augmentation mammoplasty See also Breast implants
disorders associated with 705
Augmentin See Amoxicillin/amoxicillin-clavulanate
Auricle 181
Auscultation
for breath sounds 221
in myocardial infarction 356
for heart sounds/murmurs 315
Austin Flint murmur 335
Autoantibodies 798 799 836 800
Autoimmune cholangitis 675
Autoimmune disorders 799–800 827–844
antibody-mediated 798 799 800
arthritis/musculoskeletal disorders and 827–844
cardiac/pericardial involvement in 413
cell-mediated 798
common variable immunodeficiency and 796
fever in 1286 1287
hearing loss in 189
silicone gel breast implants and 705
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 495–496
with thrombocytopenia (Evans's syndrome) 496 519
Autoimmune hepatitis 662–663
Autoimmune pancreatitis 697 699
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy 1147 1164–1165
Autoimmune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura 518–520 519
Autoimmunity 798–800
cancer etiology and 1644
in diabetes 1195 1195 1196
in HIV infection/AIDS 1320
Autoinflation, for auditory tube dysfunction/otic barotrauma 183 184
Autologous chondrocyte transplantation, for osteoarthritis 810
Autologous packed red cells, transfusion of 533
Autologous stem cell transplantation 802 803 1661
Autologous tissue flaps, for breast reconstruction 725–726
Automaticity, altered, arrhythmias caused by 367
Automatism, postepileptic 982
Automobile accidents cardiac trauma and 414
prevention of injury caused by 16
Automobile driving, by patients with syncope/ventricular tachycardia/aborted sudden death 385
Autonomic dysfunction (dysautonomia) 986–987
in Guillain-Barr syndrome 987 1027
Autonomic failure, pure 987
Autonomic neuropathy in diabetes 1224
dysautonomia and 987
vincristine-induced 1684
Autonomic (tilt table) testing, in syncope evaluation 368 384 987
Autophony, patulous auditory tube and 183
Autopsy 85
Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria (ADHH) 1147 1148
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 927 928
intracranial aneurysms and 928
AV nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) 372
Avalide See Irbesartan, with hydrochlorothiazide
Avandamet See Rosiglitazone, with metformin
Avandia See Rosiglitazone
Avapro See Irbesartan
Avascular necrosis of bone 863
Avastin See Bevacizumab
Aveeno 90
Aveeno Anti-Itch lotion See Pramoxine
Avelox See Moxifloxacin
Aventis See Insulin glargine
Aventyl See Nortriptyline
Aversive conditioning See Behavior modification
“Avian flu” 1383 1384
Avinza See Morphine
Avita See Tretinoin
Avoidance therapy
for allergic contact dermatitis 114
for allergic rhinitis 198 788–789
for food allergy 794
Avoidant personality disorder 1055
AVRT 372
Axilla, radial nerve lesions in 1029
Axillary lymph nodes, in breast cancer 707 710
dissection of 1658
arm edema and 725
in breast-conserving therapy 718
recommendations regarding 718
palpation for evaluation of 709–710 709 710
prognosis and 707 724
recurrence and 725
sentinel node biopsy and 718 1658
Axonal neuropathies 1023
toxic 1026
Aygestrin See Progestins
Azacitidine 507 1676
Azactam See Aztreonam
Azalides 1570
Azathioprine with allopurinol, dose adjustments and 814 1691
for autoimmune hepatitis 663
breast feeding and 786
immunosuppressive action of 803–804
for inflammatory bowel disease 621
Crohn's disease 621 624 625–626
ulcerative colitis 621
for Wegener's granulomatosis 849
Azelastine 789
Azidothymidine See Zidovudine
Azithromycin 1569 1570
cost of 1562
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1418
for MAC prophylaxis/treatment in HIV infection/AIDS 1347 1437 1570
resistance to 1569 1570
for syphilis treatment/prophylaxis 1446 1447
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
Azmacort See Triamcinolone
Azo compounds, for inflammatory bowel disease 621
Azoospermia 952 953
artificial insemination for infertility caused by 750
in Klinefelter's syndrome 1180
Azopt See Brinzolamide
Azotemia 896 900 901
in diabetic ketoacidosis 1228
in hepatorenal syndrome 671
in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state 1232
parenteral nutritional support and 1284
postrenal 901 902
prerenal 901–902 901
AZT See Zidovudine
Aztreonam 1568
cost of 1561
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
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