Six Sigma and Beyond. Statistics and Probability
Authors: Stamatis D.H.
 Published year: 2003
 Pages: 198-199/252
Buy this book on amazon.com >>

MEAN OR EXPECTED VALUE

MEAN from RV Range: M discrete values or cells , X k

or MEAN from Sample Space: N discrete individual samples, S i

RANDOM EXPERIMENT

Sum produced by pair of fair six-sided dice.

Random Variable X k defined as sum of the two numbers :

X k = {D 1 + D 2 }

Cell k

No. in X k

X k

f (X k )

X k f (X k )

1

1

2

1/36

2/36

2

2

3

2/36

6/36

3

3

4

3/36

12/36

4

4

5

4/36

20/36

5

5

6

5/36

30/36

6

6

7

6/36

42/36

7

5

8

5/36

40/36

8

4

9

4/36

36/36

9

3

10

3/36

30/36

10

2

11

2/36

22/36

11

1

12

1/36

12/36

M = 11

36

   

Sum 252/36

Sample variance and standard deviation

  1. Sample variance: Expected value of X i about the mean

    or

  2. Sample standard deviation: s x ‰

    Exercise: Sum of two fair dice: X k = {D 1 + D 2 }

    x k

    (X k - )

    (X k - ) 2

    f(X k )

    (X k - ) 2 f(X k )

    2

    -5

    25

    1/36

    25/36

    3

    -4

    16

    2/36

    32/36

    4

    -3

    9

    3/36

    27/36

    5

    -2

    4

    4/36

    16/36

    6

    -1

    1

    5/36

    5/36

    7

    6/36

    8

    1

    1

    5/36

    5/36

    9

    2

    4

    4/36

    16/36

    10

    3

    9

    3/36

    27/36

    11

    4

    16

    2/36

    32/36

    12

    5

    25

    1/36

    25/36

           

    Sum 210/36

    Variance:

    Standard deviation:

    s x = 2.415



CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES

As we have mentioned earlier, discrete random variables are represented by isolated real-valued numbers . Manipulation of discrete random variables involves summations of these discrete values. This is illustrated for the frequency of outcomes in k- cells ; n = total number samples.

Probability density function (pdf): f(X k ) =

Cumulative distribution function (CDF) (sum)

Mean

Variance

click to expand

ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES

  • Integrals (areas) of continuous r.v. x yield closed form equations that are easy to manipulate and to analyze.

  • Integrals of standardized distributions can be tabulated.

Probability density function (pdf): f (x) where probabilities are only defined as the area within an interval.

Two constraints of a probability density function: f (x)

  1. Positive value: f(x)

  2. Unit area: f ( x ) dx 1

Cumulative distribution function (CDF): F(x) = ( P (- ˆ < X x ) = f ( x ) dx

f(x) = dF(x)/dx

These functions may be represented by the graphs in Figure 16.6.

click to expand
Figure 16.6: The probability (left) and cumulative (right) functions.

PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS

  1. Probability is defined only in the context of an incremental range of the random variable [a x b].

    click to expand

  2. Probabilities cannot be determined for a point x , since the interval of integration or the base (b - a) is zero.

  3. Probabilities can be determined from either the probability density function f(x) or the cumulative distribution function F(x).

  4. The CDF is more important because tabulated values of the various standardized or normalized probability distributions models presented in this form.

  5. Mean:

    click to expand

  6. Variance:

    click to expand


Six Sigma and Beyond. Statistics and Probability
Authors: Stamatis D.H.
 Published year: 2003
 Pages: 198-199/252
Buy this book on amazon.com >>

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