Index_L

L

L.L. Bean, 124, 143

Labor, 569

Laboratories, 487

Laboratory errors, 526

Lack of standards mistakes, 211

Landlords, 147

Last-in first-out (LIFO) method, 683 “684

Law of maldistribution, 585

Laws of mechanics, 542

LCC (life cycle costs), 348

definition of, 363

in R&M (reliability and maintainability), 356 “7

Leadership, in partnering, 21 “24

Lead facilitators, in trade-off studies, 472 “473

Lead times, 74

Leapfrog approach, 196

Learning curves, 155

Leasing agents , 147

Least cost strategy, 100 “101

Ledgers, 676

Legal department

conformance elements in, 509

as measure of quality cost, 495

nonconformance elements in, 509

Legislative summaries, 147

Leverage

in annual reports , 672

and earnings, 692

in financial comparison, 131

in modified duPont formula, 704 “705

in rating bonds , 695

in rating stocks, 697

ratios, 692

Liabilities

accrued pension, 667

in balance sheet equation, 664, 674

current, 665 “666

and current assets, 697

increasing, 669

noncurrent, 667

pension, 667

Life cycles, 133

of companies, 133

definition of, 363

of products. see product life cycle

LIFO (last-in first-out) method, 683 “684

Limits dimensioning, 523

Lindbergh, Charles, 554

Linear graphs, 382 “384, 386

Linear measurements, 527

Linear static analysis, 177

Line elements, 176

Line organizations, 15

Liquid assets, 691

Liquidation value, 679

Liquidity, 665, 671

in financial comparison, 131

ratio analysis of, 691 “692

Liquidity ratios, 691 “692

Loads, 180, 181

Long- term debts , 667

Long-term process variation, 4 “5

Loops, 184, 538

Loop transmission, 538

Losses, 671

and cash flow, 702

controlling, 36

as part of transactions, 672

Loss function, 397 “398

calculating, 398 “402

for LTB (larger-the-better) situations, 402

vs. process performance (C _pk ), 402 “403

and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, 403 “405

for STB (smaller-the-better) situations, 401

Low safety factors, 294

LTB (larger-the-better), 402, 413

Lubricants, 33, 289

Luck, and earnings, 693