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Value-added
goals, 179–80
process, 54
Value engineering, 186
Variability
common cause, 61
eliminating sources of, 1
in processes, 61
special cause, 61
Variable control charts, 61–62
Variable data, 35
capability and, 84
control charts and, 67, 84
tests for, 37
Variance formulas, 81, 82–83
Variation. See also Common variation; Special variation
accidental, 144
defined, 60
dissatisfaction and, 25
eliminating, 103
identifying sources of, 35, 38
typical characteristics of, 64
as waste, 63
Vector loop technique, 211
Vision, 273
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