6.6 Synchronizing All Methods in an Object


Credit: André Bjärby

6.6.1 Problem

You want to share an object among multiple threads, but to avoid conflicts you need to ensure that only one thread at a time is inside the object, possibly excepting some methods for which you want to hand-tune locking behavior.

6.6.2 Solution

Java offers such synchronization as a built-in feature, while in Python you have to program it explicitly using reentrant locks, but this is not all that hard:

import types def _get_method_names(obj):     """ Get all methods of a class or instance, inherited or otherwise. """     if type(obj) == types.InstanceType:         return _get_method_names(obj._ _class_ _)     elif type(obj) == types.ClassType:         result = []         for name, func in obj._ _dict_ _.items(  ):             if type(func) == types.FunctionType:                 result.append((name, func))         for base in obj._ _bases_ _:             result.extend(_get_method_names(base))         return result class _SynchronizedMethod:     """ Wrap lock and release operations around a method call. """     def _ _init_ _(self, method, obj, lock):         self._ _method = method         self._ _obj = obj         self._ _lock = lock     def _ _call_ _(self, *args, **kwargs):         self._ _lock.acquire(  )         try:             return self._ _method(self._ _obj, *args, **kwargs)         finally:             self._ _lock.release(  ) class SynchronizedObject:     """ Wrap all methods of an object into _SynchronizedMethod instances. """     def _ _init_ _(self, obj, ignore=[], lock=None):         import threading         # You must access _ _dict_ _ directly to avoid tickling _ _setattr_ _         self._ _dict_ _['_SynchronizedObject_ _methods'] = {}         self._ _dict_ _['_SynchronizedObject_ _obj'] = obj         if not lock: lock = threading.RLock(  )         for name, method in _get_method_names(obj):             if not name in ignore and not self._ _methods.has_key(name):                 self._ _methods[name] = _SynchronizedMethod(method, obj, lock)     def _ _getattr_ _(self, name):         try:             return self._ _methods[name]         except KeyError:             return getattr(self._ _obj, name)     def _ _setattr_ _(self, name, value):         setattr(self._ _obj, name, value)

6.6.3 Discussion

As usual, we complete this module with a small self test, executed only when the module is run as main script. This also serves to show how the module's functionality can be used:

if _ _name_ _ == '_ _main_ _':     import threading     import time     class Dummy:         def foo (self):             print 'hello from foo'             time.sleep(1)         def bar (self):             print 'hello from bar'         def baaz (self):             print 'hello from baaz'     tw = SynchronizedObject(Dummy(  ), ignore=['baaz'])     threading.Thread(target=tw.foo).start(  )     time.sleep(.1)     threading.Thread(target=tw.bar).start(  )     time.sleep(.1)     threading.Thread(target=tw.baaz).start(  )

Thanks to the synchronization, the call to bar runs only when the call to foo has completed. However, because of the ignore= keyword argument, the call to baaz bypasses synchronization and thus completes earlier. So the output is:

hello from foo hello from baaz hello from bar

When you find yourself using the same single-lock locking code in almost every method of an object, use this recipe to refactor the locking away from the object's application-specific logic. The key code idiom is:

self.lock.acquire(  ) try:    # The "real" application code for the method finally:     self.lock.release(  )

To some extent, this recipe can also be handy when you want to postpone worrying about a class's locking behavior. Note, however, that if you intend to use this code for production purposes, you should understand all of it. In particular, this recipe is not wrapping direct accesses, be they get or set, to the object's attributes. If you also want them to respect the object's lock, you'll need the object you're wrapping to define, in turn, its own _ _getattr_ _ and _ _setattr_ _ special methods.

This recipe is carefully coded to work with every version of Python, including old ones such as 1.5.2, as long as you're wrapping classic classes (i.e., classes that don't subclass built-in types). Issues, as usual, are subtly different for Python 2.2 new-style classes (which subclass built-in types or the new built-in type object that is now the root class). Metaprogramming (e.g., the tasks performed in this recipe) sometimes requires a subtly different approach when you're dealing with the new-style classes of Python 2.2 and later.

6.6.4 See Also

Documentation of the standard library modules threading and types in the Library Reference.



Python Cookbook
Python Cookbook
ISBN: 0596007973
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 2005
Pages: 346

flylib.com © 2008-2017.
If you may any questions please contact us: flylib@qtcs.net