octet opening a socket optical networks MPLS optical switching fiber optics:optical switching optimality as routing algorithm design goal optional attributes (BGP) OSI Reference Model layers of OSI Reference Model OSI Reference Model:Application layer characteristics:of OSI layers:Application layer layers of OSI Reference model:Application layer;Application layer (OSI) OSI Reference Model:data link layer:frames data link layer:frames OSI Reference Model:Data-Link layer characteristics:of OSI layers:Data-Link layer layers of OSI Reference model:Data-Link layer;Data-Link layer (OSI) OSI Reference Model:layers:characteristics characteristics:of OSI layers layers of OSI Reference model:characteristics OSI Reference Model:Network layer characteristics:of OSI layers:Network layer layers of OSI Reference model:Network layer;Network layer (OSI) 2nd OSI Reference Model:Physical layer characteristics:of OSI layers:Physical layer layers of OSI Reference model:Physical layer;Physical layer (OSI) OSI Reference Model:Presentation layer characteristics:of OSI layers:Presentation layer layers of OSI Reference model:Presentation layer;Presentation layer (OSI) OSI Reference Model:same-layer interaction layers of OSI Reference Model:same-layer interaction host communications:same-layer interaction 2nd OSI Reference Model:Session layer characteristics:of OSI layers:Session layer layers of OSI Reference model:Session layer;Session layer (OSI) OSI Reference Model:Transport layer characteristics:of OSI layers:Transport layer layers of OSI Reference model:Transport layer;Transport layer (OSI) OSPF:areas areas (OSPF) devices:OSPF routers;routers:OSPF OSPF:areas:types of areas (OSPF):types of routers:OSPF:area types OSPF:authentication authentication:OSPF packets:OSPF:authentiction OSPF:features features:of OSPF 2nd OSPF:packet types packets:OSPF 2nd OSPF:route summarization route summarization:OSPF summarization:OSPF OSPF:routing methods areas (OSPF):routing methods routers:OSPF:routing methods OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)