padding strings, 190–191
PadLeft method, strings, 190
PadRight method, strings, 190
parallelism. See threads
ParamDef section, assembly metadata, 136
parameterized delegates, 523–525
parameters of methods, 30
parametric polymorphism, 69, 79
parentheses (()), in regular expressions, 477–479
Parse method
cultures and, 321–322
definition of, 200–201
exceptions and, 114–115
ParseExact method, strings, 201
parsing
strings
cultures and, 321–322
definition of, 200–201
exceptions and, 114–115
XML, 480–481
partial trust, unverifiable code and, 12
partially trusted code, CAS, 332
pass by copy. See pass-by-value (byval) arguments
pass-by-reference (byref) arguments, 33–35, 90
pass-by-value (byval) arguments, 33–34
Path class, 274–275
patterns. See regular expressions
PEB (Process Environment Block), 347, 354
PE/COFF (Portable Executable/Common Object File Format), 133
performance
exception handling and, 113–115
generics and, 76
performance counters, 338, 439
threading and, 353
PerformanceCounterPermission class, 338
permission sets, CAS, 332, 340–341
permissions, CAS, 331, 335–340, 341
permits, CAS, 346
pessimistic concurrency, 535
peverify.exe tool, 86
physical stack, 84
PIA (Primary Interop Assembly), 425
pinning, 436
P/Invoke (Platform Invoke), 431–433
pipe character (|), in regular expressions, 474
platform information in assembly, 499–500
plus symbol (+), in regular expressions, 470
pointer type, 192
pointers, interoperability and, 405–408
policy, CAS, 332, 341
polymorphism
parametric polymorphism, 69, 79
subclassing and, 49–50
pop instruction, IL, 559
Portable Executable/Common Object File Format (PE/COFF), 133
positional matching, in regular expressions, 464, 475–477
positive infinity, 183
precompilation of regular expressions, 491
predicate functions, 254
Predicate<T> delegate, 239, 254
prefixes for instructions, IL, 574–575
Primary Interop Assembly (PIA), 425
primary module in assembly, 135
primitive instructions, IL, 550–562
primitive types
boolean, 184
conversions between, 201
dates and times, 192–195
definition of, 171–172
hierarchy of, 17–18
list of, 172
numbers, 180–184
objects, 173–179
parsing from strings, 200–201
pointer, 192
strings, 184–192
PrincipalPermission class, 338
priority inversion, 382
private accessibility, 25
private interface inheritance, 54–55
private keyword, C#, 25
private/public key pair for assembly, 142
probing with Fusion, 146, 148–149
Process Environment Block (PEB), 347, 354
processes
creating, 400
definition of, 397
existing, accessing, 397–399
interacting with, 399–400
isolation between, 354–355
terminating, 400–401
Program IL, assembly metadata, 136
programming. See also managed code
dynamic, 495–496
on Java platform, history of, 4
unmanaged code, 403
on Windows platform, history of, 3–4
programming language design, books about, 78–79
programming languages
CLR support for, 16
compilation of, 82
CTS support for, 10–11
prologue of method, 129–130
properties
definition of, 43–44
indexer properties, 44–45
info APIs for, 507
mixed mode accessibility for, 45
protected (family) accessibility, 25
protected internal keywords, C#, 25
protected keyword, C#, 25
protected operations, CAS, 333–334
protected regions, 103
protocols
definition of, 291
HTTP, 293–297, 339
SMTP (e-mail), 297–298
TCP/IP, 291–292
UDP, 292–293
pseudo-random numbers, 207
public accessibility, 25
public key for assembly, 142
public keyword, C#, 25
publications
about C# language, 79, 213
about C++ language, 79–80
about CLI, 167, 213
about CLR, 78, 166, 213
about COM, 401
about COM apartments, 402
about generic collections, 254
about generics, 79
about internationalization, 325
about interoperability, 436
about I/O, 298–299
about LISP language, 80
about memory models, 402
about .NET Framework, 78, 212–213
about networking, 299
about NGen technology, 166, 167
about operating systems, 132
about parametric polymorphism, 79
about programming, 254
about programming language design, 78–79
about Python language, 80
about reflection, 532
about regular expressions, 493
about Scheme language, 80
about security, 351
about strings, 213
about threading and concurrency, 401–402
about tracing, 462
about transactions, 548
about type systems, 78–79
about VB language, 79
about virtualizing architectures, 131–132
PublicKey section, assembly manifest, 142
PublisherIdentityPermission class, 339
Python language
books about, 80
downloading, 16
type safety and, 10
typing strategy of, 14, 15